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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Sh.elfB.i.__... 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



HAIN^DBOOK OF DATES. 



AREANGED ALPHABETICALLY AND 
CHEONOLOGIGALLY. 



COMPILED BY 



HENKY CLINTON BROWN. 




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«»••*••»•••" ■•'*' 



1.1 '•i\> ^ , 




NEW YORK : 

A. LOVELL & CO. 

1883. 



THE LIBRARY 

OF CONOREiS 

WASHINGTON 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, 

By henry CLINTOlSr BROWNT, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



J, S. CusHiNG & Co., Printees, Boston. 



PEEFAOE. 



In compiling this book it has been my chief aim to make 
accuracy its strongest recommendation. It is a work which, I 
trust, will meet a demand and fill a vacancy in the list of edu- 
cational handbooks. I have often found, even in my own 
studies, when I wished to ascertain the date at which a certain 
event occm-red, that it was a work of time as well as of labor 
to determine the date by referring to a chronological table, for 
the reason that it is the date which one wishes to find, and it 
is impossible to turn to it. There are many events concerning 
which even the latest developments in archaeology have failed to 
remove the surrounding doubt and obscurity. For instance, as 
regards the origin of the city of Babylon, history gives us no 
clue; and even Herodotus has given no intimation respecting 
its founder. In the present compilations, after the year 100 a.d., 
the abbreviation a.d. is dropped ; later than the year 1000 a.d., 
no earthquakes, eruptions, plagues, or conflagrations are inserted, 
unless of very great importance, as with the great London fire. 
There are many items in the chronological table which it is 
impossible to record alphabetically, and also many which I have 
not considered of enough importance to record in both, while 
the names of all important persons, places, and events will be 
found under their respective letters. 

HENRY CLINTON BEOWN. 



INTRODUCTION. 



I TAKE pleasure in recommending this Handbook of Dates, 
having felt the need of some such book myself, at many times, 
when the necessity for verifying a statement has presented 
itself. During his college vacation, I foun^ that my young 
friend — the compiler — was engaged upon such a manual as 
this, and at my urgent request he has concluded to have his 
labors published for the sake of other students. 

I heartily commend this little book to any who may feel the 
need of it; and hope that it may be to the author the begin- 
ning of other like ventures, and to the reader a saving of valu- 

WM. WILBERFORCE NEWTON. 

PiTTSPiELD, Mass., 
May 21, 1883. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 



HAE^DBOOK OF DATES. 



[4004-1764 B.C.] 
4004 Creation. 
4003 Birth of Cain. 
3875 Abel murdered by Cain. 
3874 Birth of Seth. 

3317 Birth of Methuselah ; died at the age of 969. 
2948 Birth of J^oah, who died at the age of 950. 
2349 Noah entered the ark. 
2348 The Deluge. 

2247 Tower of Babel built about this time. 
2234 Celestial observations begun at Babylon, a register of which 

was sent by Callisthenes to Aristotle for 1903 years, to the 

capture of that city by Alexander in the year 331 b.c. 
2207 The Chinese monarchy founded, according to some historians. 
2188 The kingdom of Egypt commences under Misraim (son of 

Ham), which lasted for 1663 years, to the conquest of Cam- 

byses, in the year 525 B.C. 
2089 The kingdom of Sicyon established. 
2059 The kingdom of Assyria begins. 
1996 Abraham born ; died 1821 B.C., set. 175. 
1897 Circumcision instituted. — City of Sodom, etc., destroyed. 
1896 Birth of Isaac. 

1856 The kingdom of Argos begins. — Isaac marries Rebekah. 
1827 The 17th dynasty of the six shepherd kings in Egypt begins, 

and continues 103 years. 
1822 Memnon the Egyptian invents the letters. 
1796 The reign of Ogyges begins 1020 years before the first 

Olympiad. 
1764 The deluge of Ogyges laid waste Attica for more than 200 

years, or until the coming of Cecrops. 



2 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1759-1453 B.C. 

1759 Jacob goes to Haran, and marries the two daughters of his 

uncle Laban. 
1728 Joseph sold into Egypt. 

1715 Joseph interprets Pharaoh's dreams, and is promoted. — The 
seven years of plenty begin. 

1708 The seven years of famine begin. 

1702 All the lands in Egypt sold to Joseph, who let them out with 
a perpetual tax of a fifth part of their produce. 

1689 Jacob predicts the advent of the Messiah. (Dies set. 147 yrs.) 
Joseph dies at the age of 110; his death terminates the 
book of Genesis, containing a period of 2369 years. 

1615 The Ethiopians, coming from the Indus, settle in the neigh- 
borhood of Egypt. 

1582 The chronology of the Arundelian marbles begins, at which 
time Cecrops is supposed to have come into Attica. 

1571 Moses born. — Pharaoh publishes an edict for drowning all 
the children of the Israelites. 

1556 Cecrops brings a colony of Saites from Egypt into Attica, 
and founds the kingdom of Athens, 780 years before the 
first Olympiad. 

1546 About this period Scamander comes from Crete into Phrygia, 
and begins the kingdom of Troy. 

1551 Moses visits the Israelites ; flies into Midian, and continues 
there 40 years. 

1503 The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly. 

1497 The council of Amphictyonis established. 

1493 Cadmus carried the Phoenician letters into Greece, and built 
the citadel of Thebes. 

1491 Moses goes into Egypt, where he inflicts ten successive 
plagues upon Pharaoh, till he allows the children of Israel 
to depart, which completed the 430 years of sojourn- 
ing. 

1490 Sparta built by Lacedsemon. 

1485 The first ship that appeared in Greece, brought from Egypt 
by Danaus, surnamed Armais. 

1480 Troy supposed to have been built by Dardanus. 

1453 The first Olympic games celebrated at Elis. — Moses died in 
the land of Moab, ajt. 110. 



1413-1234 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES, 3 

1413 The Israelites, sunk into idolatry, continued in slavery under 
Cushan, king of Mesopotamia, for eight years. 

1406 Minos gives laws to the Cretans, and acquires a great mari- 
time power. — Iron is found by the Idsei Dactyli from the 
accidental burning of the woods of Mount Ida in Crete. 

1405 Othniel, the first judge of Israel, in the fortieth year after 
that, given them by Joshua. 

1390 Benjamin almost totally destroyed by the other 11 tribes. 

1383 Ceres came to Athens, and taught them how to sow corn. 

1356 The Eleusinian mysteries first introduced at Athens; some 
say 1326. 

1344 The kingdom of Mycense begins about this time, when the 
kingdom of Argos was divided. 

1343 The Israelites, on account of idolatry, enslaved by Egion, 
king of Moab, for 18 years. 

1326 The Isthmian games first introduced. 

1325 Ehud, the second judge of the Israelites, kills Eglon, and 
rescues them from their second bondage. 

1307 The Olympic games instituted by Pelops. 

1305 The third servitude of the Israelites under Jaban, king of 
Canaan, which continued 40 years. 

1300 The Lupercalia instituted. 

1285 Deborah, the prophetess, defeats the Canaanites under Sisera. 

1284 The Siculi pass out of Italy into Sicily, about three genera- 
tions before the Trojan war. 

1263 The Argonautic expedition, 79 years before the taking of 
Troy. — About this time the first Pythian games were 
celebrated by Adrastus. 

1252 The city of Tyre was built. — The fourth servitude of the 
Israelites under the Midianites, which continued for seven 
years. 

1250 Expedition of the Argonauts to Colchis took place about this 

time. 

1245 Gideon routs the Midianites, and Israel had rest in the 
fortieth year after that given by Deborah. 

1243 A colony of Arcadians conducted by Evander into Italy. 

1234 Theseus settles a democracy in Attica, and renews the Isth- 
mian games ; others say in 1231. 



4 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1233-1088 B.C. 

1238 Carthage founded by the Tyrians. 

1225 The Theban war of the seven heroes. 

1222 The celebration of the Olympic games by Hercules. 

1213 Helen dishonored by Theseus. 

1206 The fifth servitude of the Israelites under the Philistines and 

Ammonites, which continued 18 years. 
1198 Helen dishonored by Paris. 
1194 The Trojan war begins, and lasts ten years. 

1181 Troy is taken and burned by the Greeks, 408 years before 

the first Olympiad. — ^neas set sail in the beginning of 
autumn for Thrace. 

1182 The kingdom of the Latins begins, under ^neas, who builds 

Lavinium. 
1179 The maritime power of the Mediterranean acquired by the 

Lydians. 
1176 Salamis in Cyprus built by Teucer. 

1157 Eli, the high priest, eleventh judge of Israel for 40 years. 
1156 The sixth servitude of the Israelites under the Philistines, 

which continued 40 years. 
1152 The city of Alba-Longa built by Ascanius, second king of 

the Latins. 
1141 The Amazons burned the temple of Ephesus. 
1136 Samson kills 3000 Philistines. 
1124 The migration of the JEolian colonies, — Thebes built by the 

Boeotians. 
1122 Third dynasty of China, called Teheou, begins. 
1117 Samson betrayed to the Philistines. — Eli dies. 
1116 Samuel the twelfth and last judge of Israel for 21 years. 
1115 The mariner's compass said to be known in China. 
1104 The return of the Heraclidse into Peloponnesus ; they divide 

it. — The kingdom of Lacedsemon begins. — That of My- 
cenae ends. 
1100 The most prosperous period of the kingdom of the Pharaohs 

ended with this century ; which had lasted 400 years. 
1095 The Israelites obtain a king, and Saul anointed by Samuel. 
1093 Saul rejected, and David anointed king. 
1088 The kingdom of Sicyon ends. — The kingdom of Athens ends 

in Codrus, and governed by Arch on s. 



1058-869 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 5 

1058 The Pelasgians, the second people ^vho acquire the maritime 

power of the Mediterranean. 
1055 Saul consults the witch of Endor, and kills himself on Mount 

Gilboa. 
1048 eTerusalem taken by David from the Jebusites, and made the 

seat of the kingdom, 
1044 Migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece. 
1040 About this time Syria became a Jewish province. 
1023 Absolom rebels and is killed by Joab. 
1012 Solomon begins to build the temple, 480 years after the 

exodus from Egypt. 
1004 The temple dedicated. 

1000 The Thracians acquhe the maritime power of the Mediterra- 
nean about this time, and hold it for 19 years. 
996 Solomon's fleet prepared in the Red Sea, and sent to Ophir. 
986 Samos, in the island of the same name, and Utica built about 

this time. 
975 The Jewish state as a divided kingdom from about this date 

until 588 B.C. 
971 or 974 Sesack, king of Egypt, takes Jerusalem, and plunders 

the temple. 
926 Lycurgus, the Spartan law-giver, is born, 150 years before the 

first Olympiad. 
916 The Rhodians are the fourth to acquire the maritime power 

of the Mediterranean, and hold it for 23 years. 
907 Homer flourished about this time. 
900 The kingdom of Assyria ends. 
896 Elijah, the prophet, is taken up into Heaven. 
893 The Phrygians are the fifth people who acquire the maritime 

power of the Mediterranean. 
884 Lycurgus, after travelling ten years, establishes his laws in 
Lacedsemon. — Iphitus, Lycurgus, and Cleosthenes restore 
the Olympic games at Elis, 108 years before the vulgar era 
of the first Olympiad. 
872 The art of sculpture in marble said to have been discovered. 
869 Phidon, king of Argos, invented scales and measures, and 
coined silver at ^gina. — The city of Carthage is built by 
Queen Dido about this time. 



6 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [868-722 B.C. 

868 The Cyprians are the sixth who acquire the maritime power 

of the Mediterranean. 
839 The army of Hazael, king of Assyria, desolates a great part of 

the kingdom of Judah. 
826 The Phoenicians are the seventh who acquire the maritime 

power of the Mediterranean. 
820 Babylon becomes subject to Assyria. 
814 The kingdom of Macedon begins. 
797 The kingdom of Lydia begins. 

790 Amos, the prophet, flourished, and began his prophecies in 787. 
787 The Egyptians are the eighth who acquire the maritime power 

of the Mediterranean. 
779 The race of kings ended at Corinth, and was succeeded by 

annual magistrates, called Prytanes. 
776 Coroebus conquers in the twenty-eighth Olympiad from their 

institution by Iphitus, though vulgarly called the first 

Olympiad. — Age of Lycurgus. 
770 Phul invades the kingdom of Israel, and is bribed to depart 

with 1000 talents. 
760 The Ephori established at Lacedsemon by Theopompus. 
757 Isaiah, the prophet, prophesies for above 60 years ; was sawn 

asunder by order of Manasseh in 696. 
754 The decennial Archons begin at Athens. — Micha the prophet. 

— The Milesians are the ninth who acquire the maritime 

power of the Mediterranean. 
753 Rome is built by Komulus and Remus ; some say 752. 
750 The Romans dishonor the Sabine women. 
747 The Romans and Sabines unite. — The era of ISTabonassar 

begins. 
743 The first war between the Messenians and Lacedaemonians 

begins, and continues 19 years. 
735 The first Grecian settlement in Sicily. 

734 The Carians about this time have the command of the Medi- 
terranean. — Syracuse built by a colony of Corinthians 

under Archias. 
731 Habbakuk the prophet. 
724 The first Messenian war ended. 
722 Tlie Chinese Empire divided into principalities. 



721-658 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 7 

721 Samaria, after a three years' siege, taken. — The kingdom of 

Israel finished by Sahnanaser, king of Assyria, wlio carried 

the ten tribes into captivity. — The first eclipse of the moon 

is recorded. 
720 The second and third eclipse of the moon on record. 
717 Ineffectual siege of Tyre, for about five years, by Salmanaser, 

king of Assyria. 
713 Gela, in Sicily, founded. — Sennacherib's army destroyed in 

one night by an angel, to the number of 185,000 men. 
709 The Salii, an order of priests, instituted by Numa. — Sargon 

of Assyria conquers Babylon. 
708 Ecbatana built by Dejoces, as near this date by some. 
707 Tarentum built about this time. 
690 Holofernes besieged Bethulia and killed by Judith. 
686 Archilochus the poet flourished, and invented the iambic verse. 

— -.Eg^^t divided between 12 kings. 
685 The second Messenian war begins, and continues 14 years. 
684 Athens begins to be governed by annual Archons. — Tyrtaeus 

the poet flourished. 
683 The real history of Athens begins with the institution of annual 

Archons. — The Lacedsemonians defeated by Austomenes. 
680 Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, takes possession of Babylon. 

— The chariot-race instituted at the Olympic games. 
679 Numa Pompilius, second Roman king. 

677 Manasseh, king of Judah, is taken prisoner, and carried in 

chains to Babylon. 
676 The Lesbians about this time acquire the command of the 

Mediterranean, and retain it about 69 years. — Terpander 

the poet the first victor. 
675 The festival of Carnia instituted at Sparta. 
671 The second Messenian war finished. 
670 Alcman of Sardis, the lyric poet. 

667 The combat between the three Horatii and the three Curiatii. 
665 The city of Alba destroyed. — The Messenians settled in Italy. 

— War between the Romans and the Fidenates. 

659 Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and retains it for 

30 years. 
658 Byzantium built. 



S HANDBOOK OF DATES. [651-596 B.C. 

651 A five-years' war begins between the Romans and Sabines. — 

Cyrene in Africa founded about this time. 
640 Tullus Hostilius, third Roman king. — Thales of Miletus born 

about this time. 
638 Solon born about this time, and died about 559 B.C. 
636 The Tartars defeated the Chinese with great slaughter. 
631 War between the Romans and the Fidenates and Sabines, 

which continues at intervals for fifty years. 
630 Cyi'ene built about this date. 

629 The government of Corinth usurped by Periander. 
627 Jeremiah the prophet. 
626 Zephaniah the prophet. 
625 The Pentateuch found by Hilkiah. 
624 The Scythians invade Media, Lydia, etc., and keep possession 

of several provinces for 28 years. — Draco appointed to draw 

up a written code of laws. 
621 A war between the Lydians and Milesians, which continues 11 

years. 
618 Ancus Martins, fourth Roman king. 

612 Cylon institutes a revolution at Athens, which is not suc- 
cessful. 
610 Pharaoh Necho about this time begins the canal between the 

Nile and the Red Sea. 
608 Josiah, king of Judah, slain by Pharaoh Necho. 
607 Alcseus the poet flourished. 
606 Nineveh taken and destroyed by the joint armies of Cyaxares 

and Nabopolassar. 
yC 605 The first captivity of the Jews ; dated by others in 606. 

604 By Necho's order, some Phoenicians about this time sailed 

from the Red Sea around Africa, and returned by the Medi- 
terranean. 
600 Sappho the lyric poetess. — Solon drives the ]\Iegarians out of 

the island of Salamis. 
597 Jehoiachin, king of Judah, carried captive to Babylon by 

Nebuchadnezzar, who conquers the Jews. 
596 The Scythians expelled from upper Asia by Cyaxares, after 28 

years of possession. — Epimenides of Crete visits Athens, 

and is the first to build temples in Greece. 



594-530 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 9 

594 Thales of Miletus. — Solon introduces a new code of laws at 

Athens. 
593 Ezekiel the prophet. 
592 Anacharsis the Scythian. 
591 The Pythian games first celebrated at Delphi. 
590 The Lydian war begins, and continues six years. 
587 The city of Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar. 
586 The Temple of Jerusalem burned. 
585 A battle between Cyaxares and Halyattes interrupted by an 

eclipse of the moon which was predicted by Thales. 
582 The Isthmian gam.es restored. — Agrigentum founded. 
Nt^ 580 Money first coined in Rome. — Pythagoras born. 

579 The Megarensian war. — Stesichorus the poet flourished. 

578 Tarquinius Priscus fifth Roman king. 

572 Tyre taken by Nebuchadnezzar, after a siege of 13 years. 

568 The Nemaean games restored. — Anaximander of Miletus 

flourished. — Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, lived. 
566 The first census taken at Rome : 84,700 citizens. 
562 The first comedy at Athens acted. 
560 Pisistratus usurped the tyranny of Athens. 
559 Daniel the prophet delivered his predictions. — Cyrus ascended 

the throne of Persia. 
556 Anaximenes the poet flourished. 
550 Cyrus, king both of Media and Persia. — The kingdom of 

Lydia ended, after a subsistence of 249 years. 
549 Theognis the poet flourished. — The Pisistratidse burned the 

temple of Apollo at Delphos. 
548 Croesus, having crossed the Halys by an artificial bridge cout 

trived by Thales, is defeated by Cyrus. 
539 Pythagoras flourished. 

538 Cyrus takes Babylon, and terminates the kingdom of Babylon. 
537 Simonides of Cea, the poet, flourished. 
536 Cyrus issues an edict for the return of the Jews, and rebuildi 

ing the Temple. — Thespis, the inventor of tragedy, lived. 
535 The first tragedy acted about this time, at Athens, by Thespis. 
534 Servius Tullius, sixth Roman king. 
532 Anacreon the poet flourished. 
530 Cyrus marched against the Scythians. 



10 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [529-491 B.C. 

529 Death of Cyrus and accession of Cambyses. 
528 Haggai prophesied. 
527 Zachariah prophesied. 
j' 526 Learning encouraged at Athens, under Pisistratus. — A public 

library first founded. — War between the Romans and 

Sabines. 
525 The bu-th of ^schylus. — Egypt conquered by Cambyses, and 

becomes a Persian province. — A comet appeared in China. 
522 Darius becomes king of Persia. — Pindar born; he died 445 b.c. 
520 Confucius lived. — The second edict to rebuild Jerusalem, 

514 Hipparchus assassinated 14 years after the death of Pisistratus. 

515 The Temple of Jerusalem finished. 

•yC 516 Babylon taken by Darius after a siege of 21 months. 
512 Babylon revolts from Darius. 

510 The tyranny of the Pisistratidae abolished at Athens. 
509 Tarquinius Superbus dethroned. — The consular government 

begins at Kome. 
508 Roman war with Porsena, king of the Etruscans. — The first 

alliance between the Romans and Carthaginians. 
507 The second census at Rome : 130,000 citizens. 
506 Heraclitus the philosopher lived. — Megabysus subdued Thrace 

and Macedonia. — Porsena, king of the Etrurians, made 

war against the Romans. — War between the Romans and 

Sabines. 
505 Parmenides of Elea, the philosopher, lived. 
504 Sardis taken and burned by the Athenians, which occasioned 

the Persian invasion of Greece. 
503 The lesser triumph, called Ovation, began at Rome by Pos- 

thumius, who entered the city with a myrtle crown. 
500 The Greek cities in Asia revolt from Persia. 
499 Anaxagoras born ; died 427 b.c. 
498 The first dictator created at Rome. 
497 The Saturnalia instituted at Rome : 150,700 citizens. • 
494 Secession of the Roman people to the Mons Sacer. — War 

between the Romans and Sabines. — Capture of Miletus. 
492 The first expedition of the Persians against the Grecian states 

in Europe ended. 
491 The kingdom of Syracuse usurped by Gelo. — Coriolanus ban- 
ished from Rome. 



490-463 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. H 

'7^490 The battle of Marathon. — Phidias bom; he dies 432 B.C. 

489 War between Athens and vEgina. 

488 Coriolanus, by the entreaty of his mother, &c., withdraws the 
army of the Yolsci from Rome. 

487 Egypt revolts from the Persians. 

486 ^schylns first gains the prize of tragedy at the age of 39 
years. — The Agrarian law first proposed at Rome, by Cassius. 

485 Cassius punished for usurping the sovereignty. — The Volsei 
and ^^qui subdued. — Themistocles and Aristides are the 
two leading citizens of Athens at this time. — Xerxes suc- 
ceeds Darius as king of Persia. 

484 Aristides banished from Athens. Xerxes recovers Eg}^3t, and 
commits the government to his brother Achaemenes. — 
Herodotus born. 

483 Quaestors first created at Rome. — An eruption of ]\Iount 
iEtna. 

481 Xerxes begins his expedition against Greece. 

480 The Persians defeated at Salamis. — The affair of Thermo- 
pylae finished. — Pindar, the lyric j)oet, flourished. 

479 The Persians under Mardonius defeated at Plataea, September 
22, on which day occurred the battle of ISIycale. — War 
between the Romans and Etrm'ians. — Charon of Lampsa- 
cus, the historian, lived. 

477 The three hundred Romans of the name of Fabius killed by 
the Veientes, near Cremona. 

476 Valerius triumphed over the Veientes and Sabines. — 103,000 
citizens in Rome. — A great eruption of Mount ^tna. 

471 Themistocles accused of conspiracy against the liberty of 
Greece, retu-es to Xerxes, in Asia. — Thucydides born ; he 
died 391 B.C. — Ctesias born ; he died 337 B.C. 

470 Cimon defeats the Persian fleet and army. — An eruption of 
Mount ^tna. — Anaxagoras of Clazomense, the philosopher. 

469 The first solemn contest between the tragic poets, when 
Sophocles, at 28 years of age, was declared victor over 
iEschylus. — An earthquake at Sparta. 

466 The Syracusans recover their liberty, and maintain it for 61 
years. 
n(^463 Egypt revolts from the Persians. — A great pestilence in 
/ Rome. 



12 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [462-445 B.C. 

462 The Persians defeated by the Athenians in a naval engage- 

ment in Egypt. 
7\.4:60 The third Messenian war. — The revolt of Inarus. — HipjDo- 

crates born. He established a school of medicine at Corinth. 

He died 357 b.c. 
459 The Athenians begin to exercise tyranny over the other 

Grecian states. 
458 Cimon banished from Athens. — Ezra sent from Babylon *to 

Jerusalem by Artaxerxes. — Cincinnatus appointed dictator. 
456 Nehemiah, the prophet. — The Ludi seculares celebrated for 

the first time at Home. — Battle of CEnophyta. 
455 The Persians regain possession of the greater part of Egypt. 

— The Athenians completed the reduction of ^gina, which 

became a tributary and ally. 
454 The Komans send deputies to Athens for a copy of Solon's 

laws. — An eruption of ^Etna. 
453 Aristarchus, the tragic poet. — A colony sent from Athens to 

Naxos. 
452 The Lacedaemonians conclude a five years' truce with the 

Athenians. 
451 The decemvirs created at Home, and the laws of the 12 tables 

compiled and ratified. 
450 Cimon triumphed over the Persians by sea and land. — Zaleu- 

cus, the law-giver of Locri. 
449 The decemvirs banished from Kome. — The Persians make 

an ignominious peace with the Greeks. 
448 The height of Athenian prosperity. — The first sacred war 

about the temple of Del]3hi. 
447 The Athenians under Tolmides lose a battle, fought with the 

Boeotians. — Xenophon born ; he died 356 b.c. 
446 A thirty years' truce between the Athenians and Lacedaemo- 
nians. — Pericles reduces the whole of Euboea and Megara. — 

Chanondas, the law-giver of Thurium. — Thucydides, the 

Athenian general, banished by ostracism. 
445 Herodotus reads his history in the council at Athens. — A new 

peace concluded between Athens and SjDarta for 30 years, 

though it lasted, in fact, but 14. — Military tribunes created 

at Pome. — Kehemiah returned to rebuild the walls of 

Jerusalem. 



444r420B.c.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 13 

444 Empedocles of Agrigentum, the philosopher, flourished. 

443 Censors first created at Rome. — Herodicus, called the gym- 
nastic physician. — Pericles sends out a colony to found 
Thurii. 

442 Profound and universal peace. — Euripides first gained the 
prize of tragedy at Athens. 

441 A great famine at Rome. 

440 Samos, after a month's siege, surrenders to Pericles. — Come- 
dies prohibited at Athens. — Phidias the sculptor flourished. 

438 The Parthenon completed under Pericles about this time. 

437 Cratinus, the comic poet. — The colony of Amphipolis founded. 
<436 War between Corinth and Corcyra. — Malachi, the last of the 
prophets, delivered his predictions. 

435 Fiden?e taken by the Romans. — The Corinthians defeated by 
the Corcyraeans, who gain possession of Epidaurus. — Eupo- 
lis, the comic poet. 

434 Aristophanes, the comic poet. 

433 The temple of Apollo consecrated. — A comet appeared in 
China. 

432 The INIetonic cycle begins. — Phidias dies, sculptor. 
"V^431 The Thebans surprise Platsea. — The Peloponnesian war 
begins. 

430 The history of the Old Testament finishes about this time. — 
A plague at Athens. 
V 429 Socrates the philosoxDher flourished. — Platgea besieged by the 
army of the Peloponnesians. — Pericles dies, set. 65, — Plato 
born. 

428 Democritus of Abdera flourished. — Revolt of Mytilene. 

427 Surrender of Plataea. — Gorgias of Leontium, the orator. — 
Celon, the leather-seller. — Anaxagoras died. 

426 The plague broke out at Athens a second time. • — Thucydides 
the historian flourished. 

425 Hippocrates of Corinth, the physician. 

424 Taking of Amphii^olis by Brasidas, and the exile of Thucy- 
dides. — Defeat of the Athenians at the battle of Delium. 
'«s(422 Battle near AmpliixDolis between Brasidas and Celon, and 
death of both generals. 

420 The peace of j^icias concluded. — Alcibiades, the Athenian 
general. 



14 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [419-400 B.C. 

419 Protagoras of Abdera, the sophist. 
X 418 Battle of Mantmea. — Visit of Herodotus to Thebes. 

415 Parrhasius of Ephesus, the painter. — Mutilation of the 

Hermse at Athens. — Alcibiades accused. — Expedition of 

the Athenians against Sicily. 
414 Egypt revolts from the Persians, and is partly successful. — 

Second jDart of the Peloponnesian war begins. — Unsuc- 
cessful siege of Syracuse. 
413 An eclipse of the moon, Aug. 27. — Archelaus, brother of Per- 

ducas, lays the foundation for the culture of Macedon. — 

Diogenes born ; died 323 B.C. 
412 Lysias the orator. — 400 persons elected to the government of 

Athens. — Zeuxis the painter flourished. — Polycletus died; 

the sculptor. 
411 Democracy re-established at Athens. 
410 The Lacedaemonians defeated at Cyzicum by the Athenians. 

— The history of Thucydides ended, and that of Xenophon 
begun. — The Carthaginians attacked Sicily. 

408 The Romans defeated the Volsci. — The Athenians become 

masters of the Hellespont. 
407 Cyrus, son of Darius, arrives in Sardis. — The Carthaginians 

renew their attack on Sicily. 
406 Agathon, the comic poet. — Defeat and death of Callicratidas. 

— Euripides dies, set. 74. 

405 The Athenian fleet totally defeated at ^gospotamos by 
Lysander. — Syracuse usurped by Dionysius. — Cebes the 
philosopher. 

404 Athens taken by Lysander, which finishes the Peloponnesian 
war. — Athens governed by 30 tyrants. — Socrates forbidden 
to teach. — Euclid of Megara, the philosopher. — Thrasybu- 
lus occupies Phyle. — The 30 tyrants deposed by Thrasybulus. 

403 The 30 are succeeded by the council of 10. 

402 Telestes, the dithyrambic poet. 

401 The retreat of the 10,000 Greeks under Xenophon. — Origin 
of the history known as Xenophon 's Anabasis. 

400 Socrates put to death by the Athenians. — ^ropus, as guar- 
dian of the young king Orestes, usurps the supreme power 
of Macedon . — Hippocrates, the geometrician, lived about 
this time. 



399-368 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 15 

399 The feast called Lectisternium instituted at Rome. — Payment 
of the Roman soldiers began about this time. 

398 MiUtary catapultse invented about this time by Dionysius. — 
Ctesias, the physician and historian, lived. — Many prodigies 
at Rome. 

396 Antisthenes, called the cynic philosopher. 

395 An alliance between Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and 
Argives, against the Lacedaemonians. 

394 A naval battle at Cnidus, between the Persians and Lacedae- 
monians. — Contest at Rome about the Agrarian law. — 
The Corinthian war begins. — Death of Lysander. — Conon 
rebuilds the walls of Athens. — The history of Theopompus 
ended. — Archytas, the philosopher and mathematician. 

393 Argives become masters of Corinth. 

390 Rome taken by the Gauls, and burned; by some, in 389. 

389 Plato's first voyage into Sicily. 

387 Peace between the Lacedaemonians and Persians. — 152,583 
effective men in Rome. — Damon and Pythias, the Pythago- 
rean philosophers and friends. 

385 Destruction of Mantinea. 

384 Aristotle born. 

381 Demosthenes born ; he died 322 B.C. 

380 Lsaeus of Chalcis, the Athenian orator. 

379 The end of the Olynthian war. — Liberation of Thebes. 

378 Alliance between Athens and Thebes, and a declaration of 
war against Sparta. — Isocrates the rhetorician. 

377 Arete of Cyrene, the female philosopher. 

376 Battle of Naxos. — Artaxerxes concludes a peace with the 
Greeks. 

374 The unsuccessful expedition of the Persians under Artaxerxes 
in Egypt. — Philolaus, the Pythagorean philosopher. 

372 Diogenes, the cynic philosopher. 

371 Peace between Athens and Sparta. — The battle of Leuctra, in 
which the Lacedaemonians were defeated by Epaminondas. 
^({^370 The Messenians return to the Peloponnesus. — Jason of 

Pherae assassinated. — Epaminondas invades Laconia. 
•^ 368 Battle between the Lacedaemonians and Arcadians, called the 
"tearless battle." — Eudoxus about this time brought the 
celestial sphere from Egypt, and carried it into Greece. 



16 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [367-336 B.C. 

367 The populace at Rome obtain the privilege of having one of 

the consuls a plebeian. — The Gauls defeated by Camillus. 

— The Licinian law passed. 
366 Alliance between Arcadia and Athens. 
364 The death of Pelopidas. — Praxiteles, greatest of painters, 

born ; died 280 B.C. 
363 Aristippus Jun., the Cyrenaic philosopher. 
362 Revolt of several Persian governors in Lesser Asia against 

Artaxerxes. 
360 Plato's second voyage into Sicily. 

359 Philip of Macedon ascends the throne, and reigns 24 years. 
358 Philip besieges Amphipolis, and the city surrenders. 
^357 The second sacred war begins. — Aristotle observed the 

moon's transit over Mars. 
354 Dion put to death. — Demosthenes, the most eminent orator 

of Greece. 
353 The Phocseans defeated in Thessaly by Philip. 
351 The Sidonians, besieged by the Persian army, burn then- city, 

and put themselves to death. — The monument of Mausolus 

erected. 
/^350 Egypt conquered by Ochus. 

348 Philip takes Olynthus ; or early in 347. 

346 The conclusion of the sacred war. 

347 Plato died ; born at Athens in 429 B.C. 

345 Aristotle the philosopher flourished. — A second commercial 
treaty made with Carthage. 

344 Philip conquers Illyria and Thrace. 

343 War between the Romans and Samnites begins. — Timolian 
recovers the liberty of Syracuse. — Protogenes of Rhodes, 
the painter. — The Syracusan era commenced. — Philip 
makes Thrace a tributary. — A pestilence at Rome. 

342 Epicurus born. — Menander the poet born. 

340 The Carthaginians defeated by Timolian near Agrigentum. 

339 Xenocrates, the academic philosopher. 

338 Philip defeated the Athenians, &c., in the battle of Chseronea, 
Aug. 7. 

336 Philip killed by Pausanias. — A Plebeian admitted to the prae- 
torship at Rome. — Accession of Alexander. 



335-312 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 17 

335 Alexander enters Greece. — Destroys the city of Thebes, but 

preserves the house of Pindar. — A temple built on Mount 

Gerizini. — Demades, the Athenian orator. 
334 Alexander defeats the Persians on the river Granicus. — 

Apelles of Cos, the painter. 
333 Alexander gains a second battle at Issus, in October. — Callis- 

thenes the philosopher. 
*j^ 332 Alexander takes Tyre, gains possession of Egypt, and builds 
' Alexandria. — Dinocrates the mathematician. 

^>^ 331 The battle of Arbela, in which Alexander defeats Darius. — 

Alexander enters Babylon. 
330 Death of Darius. — ^Eschines the orator banished. — A trial 

for witchcraft at Rome. 
329 Hyperides, the Athenian orator. 
328 Philetas of Cos, the poet and grammarian, 
•yt327 Invasion of India by Alexander. 
326 Lysippus the statuary. 

325 Demosthenes the orator banished from Athens. 
324 Crates of Thebes, the cynic philosopher. 
323 Demosthenes recalled from exile, and dies the following year. 

— Alexander dies 28th of June, at the age of 32 ; empire divi- 
ded. — Praxiteles the sculptor. — The Lamian war. 

322 Theophrastus, the peripatetic philosopher. — Aristotle died. — 

Demosthenes died. 
321 The Romans, defeated by the Samnites, pass under the yoke. 

— Treaty of Triparadisus. 
320 General liberty proclaimed to all the Greek cities by Polyper- 

chon. — Ptolemy carried 100,000 Jews captive into Egypt. — 

Menander, the inventor of the new comedy. — Revolt of 

Phoenicia. 
319 The Samnites subdued by the Romans. 
317 Death of Phocion, set. 85. — Demetrius Phalereus governs 

Athens. 
315 Restoration of Thebes by Cassander. 
314 The cities of Peloponnesus recover their liberties. — Dinar- 

chus, the Athenian orator. 
313 Polemon, the academic philosopher. 
312 Seleucus takes Babylon. — Zeno of Cittium in Cyprus, the 

first of the stoic philosophers. 



^ 



18 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [310-283 B.C. 

310 Agathocles, defeated by the Carthaginians, carries the war 
. into Africa. — A comet appeared in China. — Crantor, the 
academic philosopher. 

308 Fabius defeats the Samnites. — Philemon, the rival of Menan- 
der, comic poet. 

307 The oligarchy of Athens changed into a democracy by Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes. 

306 The successors of Alexander assume the title of king. 

305 Megasthenes the historian. 

304 Seleucus founded Antioch, Edessa, Laodicea, &c. — Pyrrho, 
the first of the sceptic philosophers. 

301 The battle of Ipsus, in which Antigonus is defeated. 

300 Euclid of Alexandria, the mathematician. 

298 Arcesilaus the philosopher. 

296 Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes. — Epicurus the 
philosopher. 

294 270,000 men in Rome. — Demetrius gains Macedonia. 

293 The first sun-dial erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, and 
their time divided into hours. — Erasistratus the physician. 

292 Aristyllus of Alexandria, the astronomer. 

291 Seleucus built about 40 new cities in Asia. 
•*/* 290 The Samnite war ended. — Painting brought to Rome by 
' Fabius. — Bion Borysthenites the philosopher. — Menander 

the poet died. 

288 Strato, the peripatetic philosopher. 

287 The Athenians revolt from Demetrius Poliorcetes. — Zenodotus 
of Ephesus, the first librarian of Alexandria. — Archimedes 
the geometer born at Syracuse ; the most celebrated mathe- 
matician. 

286 Macedon taken possession of by Lysimachus, and Pyrrhus 
expelled. 

285 Dionysius, the astronomer of Alexandria. 

284 The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament supposed to 
have been made about this time. — The Pharos of Alex- 
andria built. — The foundation of the Achaean republic laid. 

— A great earthquake in the Hellespont and Chersonese. 

— The Gauls attack the Romans. 

283 Sostratus of Cnidus, the architect. — The college and library 
of Alexandria founded. 



28^249 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 19 

282 Theocritus of Syracuse, the pastoral poet. 

280 Aristarchus of Samos, the astronomer. 

279 Dionysius Heracleotes, the philosopher. — A new census at 

Rome : 278,222 citizens. 
278 A large army of Gauls under Brennus cut to pieces near the 

temple of Delphi. — Philo, the dialectic philosopher. 
277 Artus of Tarsus, the astronomical poet. 
276 The first regular body of grammarians or critics began about 

this time. — Lycophron of Chalsis, the poet. 
".y/ 275 Pyrrhus, defeated by the Romans, retires to Epirus. — Persaeus, 

the stoic philosopher. 
270 Epicurus died. 

269 Silver first coined at Rome. — Crates, the philosopher. 
268 Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatus. — Berosus, the Chaldsean 

historian. — Abydenus flourished. 
267 Ptolemy made a canal from the Xile to the Red Sea. 
265 A census at Rome : 292,226 citizens. 
"7C264 The first Punic war. — Cleanthes, the stoic philosopher. 
26;^ Homer, Jun., the tragic poet. 

262 The battle of Sardis. — Timseus of Sicily, the historian. 
261 The Romans first concerned themselves in naval affairs. — 

INIanetho, the Egyptian historian. 
260 The Carthaginians defeated at sea by the Romans. — Calli- 

machus of Cyrene, the poet. 
259 Zoilus the critic, called Homero-Mastix. 
258 Duris of Samos, the historian. 
257 Neanthes of Cyzicum, the orator and historian. 
256 Athens restored to its liberty by Antigonus. — Ctesibius the 

historian. 
255 Sosibius of Lacedaemon, the critic. 
254 Hieronymus of Rhodes, the philosopher. 

252 A census at Rome : 297,897 effective men. — The Carthagin- 
ians masters of the sea. 
251 Aratus with his fellow-citizens joins the Archaean league. 
250 The Parthians revolt from the Macedonians. — Apollonius of 

Perga born about this time. 
249 The sea-fight of Drei)anum, in which the Romans are totally 

defeated by the Carthaginians. 



20 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [248-220 B.C. 

248 Antigonus Carystius the historian. 

247 A census at Rome : 251,212 citizens. 

246 All the records, &c., in China destroyed, — Ptolemy kills 
Laodice, queen of Antiochus, and overruns a great part of 
Syria. — Conon of Samos, the astronomer. 

243 The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus. — Sphserus, the stoic 
philosopher and historian. 

242 The Carthaginians defeated. — The first Punic war termi- 
nated. — ApoUonius of Perga, called the great geometrician. 

241 Agis, king of Sparta, put to death. — Lacydes the philosopher. 

240 The first plays acted at Rome. 

238 The Carthaginians finish the Libyan war. — Polystratus, the 
Epicurean philosopher. 

237 Hamilcar leads a Carthaginian army into Spain, with his son 
Hannibal. 

236 The Tartars expelled from China. 

235 The temple of Janus shut the first time after Xuma, and 
universal peace. 

234 The Sardinian war begins. — C. Nsevius, the comic poet. 

232 Cato born. — The Agrarian law revived. — The Gauls revolt. 

231 The first divorce at Rome. — Sardinia and Corsica subdued by 
the Romans. 

230 ApoUonius the Rhodian, the poet and third librarian of Alex- 
andria. 

229 The Romans declare war against the Illyrians. 

228 The Roman ambassadors first appear at Athens Corinth, &c. 
— Philochorus of Athens, the historian. 
V 227 The Cleomenic war begins. 
^26 Aristo Ceus, the peripatetic philosopher. 

225 Cleomenes kills the Ephori, and restores the Agrarian laws of 
Sparta. — The Gauls enter Italy, and are defeated. — Fa- 
bius Pictor, the first Roman historian. 

224 The Romans for the first time crossed the Po. — The Colos- 
sus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. 

221 Phjdarchus the historian. — Extinction of the Heraclidse at 
Sparta. 

220 A census at Rome: 270,213 citizens. — The social war in 
Greece. — Plautus of Umbria, the comic poet. 



219-188 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 21 

219 Sagnntmii taken and destroyed by Hannibal. — Archagathus, 

the first physician at Rome. — The art of surgery introduced 

at Rome. 
^s218 The second Punic vfar begins with Hannibal's passing the Alps, 

and continues 17 years. 
217 The Romans defeated at Thrasymene. 
216 The Romans totally defeated in the battle of Cannae. — Philip 

makes a treaty with Hannibal. 
215 Evander, the 23hiloso]Dher of the second academy. 
213 Philip poisons Aratus. 

212 Syracuse, after a siege of three years, taken by Marcellus. 
207 Asdrubal defeated and killed by Claudius Xero. — Zeno of 

Tarsus, the philosopher. 
205 Ennius of Calabria, the poet, brought to Rome by Cato the 

quaestor. — Philip makes peace with the ^tolians. 
204 ScijDio besieged Utica. 
203 Scipio in one day took the two camps of Asdrubal and Syphax. 

— Hannibal recalled. 

202 Scipio defeated Hannibal at Zama. 

201 Peace obtained on very ignominious terms by the Carthagin- 
ians, and the close of the second Punic war. 
200 The first Macedonian war. 
198 Sidon taken by Antiochus, after the battle of Panius. 

— Syria becomes independent. 

197 The Romans send two praetors into Spain. — Defeat of Philip 

Cynocephalus by the Romans. — Licinius Tegula, the comic 

poet. 
)i^l96 Caius Laelius, the Roman orator. — Greece declared free. 
194 Sparta and Hither Spain subdued by the Romans. 
193 Hyginus of Pergamus, the philosopher. 
192 The war of Antiochus the Great with the Romans begins. — 

A census at Rome : 243,704 effective men. 
191 The battle of Thermopylae. 

190 Scipio defeats Antiochus in the battle of Magnesia. 
189 The Romans make peace with Antiochus. — Asiatic luxury 

introduced at Rome. 
188 Philopoemen obliges the Lacedaemonians to renounce the laws 

of Lycurgus. 



IX 



22 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [187-162 B.C. 

187 Antiochns defeated and killed in Media. — Scipio Africanus 

banished from Rome. 
185 Diogenes of Babylon, the stoic philosopher. 
183 Philopoemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates, tyrant of the 

Messenians. — The Transalpine Gauls march into Italy. 
182 The stars said to have appeared in China in the daytime. 
181 Pestilence at Rome. 
179 Philip dies ; succeeded by his son Perseus, the last monarch of 

Macedonia. — A census at Rome : 273,244 effective men. — 

Some books of JSTuma found at Rome in a- stone cofl&n, and 

burned. 
177 Agarthacides of Cnidus, the historian. 
175 An earthquake in China. — Pestilence at Rome. 
173 Attains of Rhodes, the astronomer and grammarian. 
172 A comet appeared in China, in the east. — Antiochus's first^ 

expedition in Egypt. 
171 The second Macedonian war begins. — Antiochus defeats 

Ptolemy's generals. 
170 Paper invented in China. — Antiochus takes Jerusalem, and 

plunders the Temj3le. — An irruption of the Tartars into 

China. — Metrodorus, the philosopher and painter of 

Athens ; afterwards carried to Rome by ^S^milius. 
169 A census at Rome : 212,805 citizens. 
168 Perseus defeated in the battle of Pydna ; an eclipse of the 

moon happened the preceding night, foretold by Gallus. — 

C. Sulpicius Gallus, the tribune and first Roman astronomer. 
167 The first library erected at Rome, consisting of books brought 

from Macedon. 
166 Terence of Carthage, the comic poet. — Apollonius killed by 

Judas Maccabseus. 
165 Judas purified the Temple of Jerusalem. — An eruption of 

^tna. — Crates Mallotes of Pergamus, called the critic. 
164 A census at Rome : 327,032 citizens. — Polybius of Megalopolis, 

the historian. 
163 The government of Judsea under the Maccabees begins. — M. 

Pacuvius, the tragic poet. 
162 Hipparchus begins his astronomical observations at Rhodes. 

— Demetrius takes possession of Syria. 



159-133 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 23 

159 Time measured at Rome by water ; invented by Scipio N"asica. 

158 An irruption of the Tartars into China. — Hipparchus observed 
the autumnal equinox. 

157 A comet appeared in China in the ninth month. 

156 Several temples of Pergamus plundered by Prusias, king of 
Bithynia. — Aristarchus of Alexandria, the great gramma- 
rian. 

152 Andriscus, personating the son of Perseus, assumes the tyranny 
of Macedon. 

151 Embassy of the three philosophers to Rome. 

150 Demetrius, king of Syria, killed by Balas. — Aristobulus of 
Alexandria, the Jew and peripatetic philosopher. 

149 The third Punic war was commenced. — Prusias put to 
death. 

148 Jonathan Maccabseus defeats Apollonius. — Statyrus, the 
philosopher and historian. 

147 A census at Rome ; 322,000 citizens. — The Romans make 
war against the Achseans. 

146 Carthage destroyed by P. Scipio, and Corinth byL. Mummius, 
who brought to Rome from thence the first fine paintings. 
— Greece becomes a Roman province. 

144 Tryphon murdered Jonathan and his brethren. — Antipater 
of Tarsus, called Calamoboas, the stoic philosopher. 

142 Simon the high priest takes the castle of Jerusalem ; repaired 
it, and rescued Judsea from Syrian servitude. 

141 The JSTumantian war begins, and lasts eight years. 

140 Diodorus, the peripatetic philosopher. 

139 Lucius Accius, the tragic poet. 

138 Panatius of Rhodes, the stoic philosopher. 

137 Ptolemy Physcon began a new restoration of learning at Alex- 
andria. — Nicander of Colophon, the physician and poet. 

136 Scipio Africanus, &c., made an embassy into Egypt, Syria, and 
Greece. — Ctesibius of Alexandria, the mathematician and 
inventor of hydraulic instruments. 

135 The history of the Apocrypha ends. — The Servile war begins 
in Sicily. 

133 Numantia in Spain destroyed by Scipio. — The kingdom of 
Pergamus annexed to the Roman Empire. — Tiberius Grac- 
chus put to death. 



24 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [130-91 B.C. 

130 Antiochus, king of Syria, defeated and killed. — A comet in 
Asia. — The revival of learning in China. — Ptolemy VII. 
flees to Cyprus ; returns B.C. 128 ; dies 117 B.C. 
129 The temple in Gerizim destroyed by Ilyrcanus. 
124 ApoUonius of Nysa, the stoic philosopher. 
123 Carthage is rebuilt by order of the Roman senate. — Hero- 

dicus, called Cratiteus, the grammarian. 
121 A great eruption of -cEtna. — Caius Gracchus killed. — L. 

Cselius Antipater, the Roman historian. 
120 Castor of Rhodes, the chronologer and historian. 
119 Menecrates of ISTysa, the grammarian. 
118 A colony settled at Narbonne by the Romans. 
116 Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. — Lucilius, the 

first Roman satirist. 
115 Apolodorus of Athens, the chronologer and grammarian. 
113 Marcus Antonius, the Roman orator. 
Ill The Jugurthine war begins, and continues five years. 
110 Lucius Crassus, the Roman orator. 
109 The Teutones and Cimbri attacked the Roman Empire. 
108 Athenion, the jjeripatetic philosopher. — The Romans defeated 

by the Cimbri. 
107 Cicero is born. 
106 Ptolemy dethroned by Cleopatra. — Jugurtha delivered up to 

Marsius. — Cicero born. 
105 The Cimbri and Teutons defeated the Romans. 
104 Aristobulus, the first high priest who wore a crown. — Arte- 

midorus of Ephesus, the geographer. 
103 The Roman people obtained the power of electing the praetors. 
J.102 The Teutons defeated by Marius. 
101 The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catullus. 
100 The Agrarian law revived by Saturninus. — Julius Csesar is 
born. — Philo the philosopher. 
97 Ptolemy Appion dies, and bequeaths his kingdom to the Ro- 
mans. 
96 The king of Parthia sends ambassadors to China. 
95 Charmidas, the philosopher of the third academy. 
94 Hortensius begins to plead at nineteen years of age. 
91 The Social or Marsic war begins, and is finished by Sylla. — 
L. Sisenna, the Roman historian. 



89-63 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 25 

89 The Mithridatic war commenced, and continued 26 years. 
^ 88 The civil war between Marius and Sylla begins. — Alexander, 
called Polyhistor, the grammarian and historian. 

87 Photius Gallus, the first Latin rhetorician. 

86 Sylla takes Athens ; defeats Archelaus ; sends Apellicon's 
library to Rome, in which was the original MS. of Aristotle's 
works. 

85 Diotimus, the stoic philosopher. 

84 Peace between Mithridates and Sylla. — Q. Valerius Antias, 
the Roman historian. 

83 Sylla destroyed the capitol. — Zeno of Sidon, the Epicurian 
philosopher. 

82 Sylla plundered the temple of Delphos; defeated Marius; 
committed the greatest cruelties at Rome ; was created dic- 
tator. — Quintus Hortensius, the Roman orator. — Thebes 
destroyed. 

81 Cicero begins to plead in the 26th year of his age. — A. Lici- 
nius Archias, the poet. 

80 Antipater of Sidon, the poet. 

79 Sylla resigns his dictatorship. — Alexandra governs Judsea. 

76 Apollonius of Rhodes, the rhetorician. 

75 Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, dies, and bequeaths his kingdom 
to the Romans. — Theodosius of Tripoli, the mathematician. 

73 The Servile war begins. 

71 The Servile war ends. — Tyrannio, the grammarian and peripa- 
tetic philosopher. 

70 The censorship revived at Rome. — M. Terentius Varro called 
the most learned of the Romans. 

69 The Roman capitol rebuilt. — Lucullus defeats Mithridates 
and Tigranes. 

68 Aristodemus of Crete, the grammarian. 

67 The pirates put down by Pompey. 

66 Crete reduced to a Roman province. 

65 The reign of the Seleucidse ends. — Syria reduced to a Roman 
province. — T. Lucretius Cams the poet. 

64 Dionysius, the Thracian grammarian. 

63 Catiline's conspiracy at Rome. — Death of Mithridates; killed 
himself. — Jerusalem taken by Pompey. 



26 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [62-37 b.c. 

62 Antioclius, the pliilosoiDlier of the third Academy. 

61 Lucius Taruntius Spurina the mathematician. 

60 The first triumvirate between Pompey, Csesar, and Crassus. — 
Q. Y. Catullus, the l3^ric poet. 

59 Andronicus of Rhodes, the peripatetic philosopher, and restorer 
of the works of Aristotle. 

58 Cicero banished from Rome at the instigation of Clodius. 

57 Cicero recalled from exile. — C. Crispus Sallustius the historian. 

55 Csesar passes the Rhine, and defeats the Germans ; makes his 
first expedition into Britain. — Ptolemy, king of Egypt, re- 
stored to his kingdom. 

54 Caesar's second invasion of Britain. — Timagenes of Alexandria, 
the historian and rhetorician. 

53 Crassus killed, and his army defeated by the Parthians. — 
Cratippus, the peripatetic philosopher. 

51 Gaul becomes a Roman province. 

50 The civil war begins. 

49 Csesar proclaimed dictator. — Cornelius ^N'epos. 

48 The battle of Pharsalia. — Antipater, procurator of Judaea. — 
P. T. Varro, called Atacinus the poet. 

47 Alexandria retaken by Julius Csesar. — The library destroyed. 

46 The war of Africa. — Cato kills himself at Utica. 

44 Csesar killed in the Senate house, set. 56. — Diodorus Siculus the 
historian. 

43 The second triumvirate, between Octavius, Antony, and Lepi- 
dus. — Cicero assassinated on the 7th of December, by com- 
mand of Antony. 

42 The battle of Philippi : Cassius and Brutus defeated. 

41 A great famine at Rome. — An earthquake in China. — Trogus 
Pompeius the historian. 

40 Jerusalem occupied by Antigonus, assisted by the Parthians. — 
Hyrcanus expelled. — Herod receives the kingdom of Judsea 
from the Romans. 

39 The Romans recover Syria and Palestine. 

38 The Senate made 67 praetors. — The Spanish era commenced. 

37 Pompey gained the empire of the sea. — Sosius took Jerusalem 
and Herod. — Antigonus put to death. — The Asmonsean 
family terminates 126 years after Judas Maccabseus. 



36-16 B.C.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 27 

36 Sextus Pompeius defeated in Sicily. — Lepidus degraded from 
the triumvirate, and banished. — Virgilius Maro. 

34 Antony seizes the kingdom of Armenia. — Marcus Manilius, 
the astronomical poet. 

33 Dioscorides, physician to Antony and Cleopatra. 

31 The battle of Actium; Antony and Cleopatra defeated. — The 
Roman emperors properly begin.. — An earthquake in Judaea. 

— The sects of the Scribes and Pharisees begin. — Asinius 
PoUio, the orator and historian. 

30 Alexandria taken by Octavius. — Antony and Cleopatra put 
themselves to death. — Egypt reduced to a Roman province. 

— Strabo the geographer. 

29 Octavius dissuaded by Mecsenas from divesting himself of the 
empire. — Horatius Placcus. — C?esar triumphed three days 
in Rome. — The temple of Janus shut. 

28 -^milius Macer of Verona, the poet. 

27 The title of Augustus conferred upon Octavius by a decree of 
the Senate ; the power of imperator for ten years, next the 
censorship, then the tribuneship, and at last an absolute exemp- 
tion from the laws. — The Pantheon at Rome built. — A great 
famine in Palestine. — S. Aurelius Propertius, the elegiac poet. 

25 Titus Livius. 

23 Antonius Musa the physician. 

22 A great pestilence in Italy. 

21 Augustus goes to Greece and Asia ; recalls Agrippa ; gives him 
Julia in marriage, and the government in his absence ; made 
Syracuse a colony. — TibuUus, the elegiac poet. 

20 Tiberius recovers the Roman ensigns from the Parthians. — 
Porus, king of India, solicits an alliance with Augustus. — 
Ovidius Naso banished. 

19 Rome at the meridian of its glory. — Herod rebuilt the Temple 
of Jerusalem. — Agrippa constructed the magnificent aque- 
ducts at Rome. 

18 Augustus reduces the Senate to 300 ; afterwards limits them to 
600. — Celibacy is discom^aged. — Pylades and Bathyllus, two 
famous Roman actors. 

17 The secular games revived. 

16 Agrippa goes to Syria, and thence to Judsea. 



28 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [15-2 B.C. 1-19 A.D. 

15 Drusus defeats tlie Rh^tians. — M. Vitruvius Pollio the archi- 
tect. 
14 A great conflagration at Eome. 
13 Augustus assumes the office of Pontifex Maximus. 
12 Tiberius conquers the Pannonians. — Nicholas Damascenus, the 

peripatetic philosopher and historian. 
11 Drusus conquers several German nations. 
10 Herod built the city of Csesarea. 
9 Drusus's expedition into Germany, where he dies. 
8 Augustus corrects the calendar. — The month Sextilis named 
Augustus by a decree of the senate. • — Yerrius Flaccus the 
grammarian. 
6 Tiberius retires to Rhodes. 

5 Q. Varus appointed governor of Syria. — Our Saviour Jesus 
Christ born on Monday, Dec. 25 ; four years before the com- 
mon era. — C}a'enius appointed governor of Judsea. — Diony- 
sius of Halicarnassus, the historian. 
2 Julia banished by Augustus. — Dionysius the geographer. 



^•1 C. Caesar made peace with the Parthians. 

4 Leap year corrected, having been formerly every third year. — 
Phaedrus. 

6 A great famine at Rome. 

7 Germanicus sent against the Pannonians. 

8 Jesus Christ, at the age of 12 years, disputes with the Jewish 

doctors in the temple. — Asinius Gallus. — Germanicus. 

9 Dalmatia subdued by the Romans. 

10 Arminius, a German general, defeated the Romans. 

14 Augustus dies at N"ola. 

15 Velleius Paterculus. 

17 Cappadocia reduced to the form of a province. — An earthquake 

in Asia destroyed 12 cities. — Cornelius Celsus. 

18 Herod built Tiberias. 

J_19 Caiaphas, high-imest of the Jews. — The Jews banished from 
Rome. 



21-66 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 29 

21 Theatre of Pompey consumed by fire. 
23 Valerius Maximus. 

26 Tiberius goes to the island Caprgsa. — John the Baptist begins 

his ministry. 

27 A conflagration at Rome. — Pilate made governor of Judaga. — 

Jesus baptized by John. 

32 Columella. 

33 Our Saviour Jesus Christ crucified. — Apion of Alexandria, the 

grammarian, called "the trumpet of the world." 

36 St. Paul converted. 

37 Tiberius dies. 

40 The name of Christians given at Antioch. — Petronius appointed 

governor of Syria. 

41 Caligula ]put to death. — St. Peter. 

43 Claudius's expedition into Britain. — St. Paul. 

44 Peter imprisoned. — James put to death. 

45 Vespasian's successful war in Britain. — Pomponius Mela the 

geographer. 
47 The secular games celebrated at Rome. — Caractacus, the British 
king. 

50 London built by the Romans about this time. 

51 Caractacus carried in chains to Rome. 

52 The council of the Apostles at Jerusalem. — Paul preaches at 

Athens. — Seneca. 

54 Claudius dies ; N'ero succeeds. 

55 Csesar landed in Britain. — Paul preached at Ephesus. 

56 Rotterdam built about this time. 

57 Persius. 

59 ISTero caused his mother, Agrippina, to be put to death. 

60 The Christian religion published in Britain. 

61 Boadicea, the British queen, defeats the Romans, but soon after 

is conquered by Suetonius. — Petronius Arbiter. 

62 St. Paul sent in bonds to Rome. — Lucan. 

63 A great earthquake in Asia. 

64 A conflagration at Rome. — The first persecution of the Chrif> 

tians. — Quintus Curtius. 

65 Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death. 

66 Tho Jewish war begins. — P]iny the historian. 



30 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [67-107 a.d. 

67 St. Peter and St. Paul put to death. — Vespasian defeats the 

Jews, arid takes Josephus prisoner. 

68 Nero dies. 

69 Galba x^ut to death. — Otho kills himself. 

70 Titus takes and destroys Jerusalem. 

71 Josephus. 

75 Vespasian dedicated a temple to Peace. 

77 A great plague at Rome. — The Parthians revolt. 

79 Vespasian dies. — Herculaneum and Pompeii are burned by ah 

eruption of Mount Vesuvius. 

80 The Capitol, Pantheon, etc., of Rome consumed by fire. — Titus 

builds the hot-baths and amphitheatre. 

81 Titus dies. — Martial. 

82 Agricola reduced South Britain to the form of a Roman prov- 

ince. — ApoUonius Tyanssus. 

84 Valerius Flaccus. 

85 Britain discovered to be an island. 

86 The Capitoline games instituted by Domitian. — Solinus. 

88 The secular games celebrated. — The Dacian war begins. — 

Epictetus, the stoic philosopher. 

89 Quintilian. 

90 Agrippa of Bithynia, the mathematician. 

91 Statins of Naples, the poet. — St. Clement I. 

92 St. Ignatius. 

93 The empire of the Huns in Tartary destroyed by the Chinese. 

— Tacitus the historian. — John banished to Patmos. 

95 The second persecution of the Christians, under Domitian. — 

Juvenal. 

96 Domitian put to death. 

97 The evangelist John returned from banishment. 

98 Nerva dies. 

99 Julius Severus, governor of Britain. 

102 Pliny, pro-consul in Bithynia, sends Trajan his account of the 

Christians. 

103 Dacia reduced to the form of a Roman province. — Pliny, jun. 

105 A great earthquake in Asia and Greece. — Dion Prusseus. 

106 Trajan's expedition against the Parthians, etc. 

107 The third persecution of the Christians, under Trajan. 



109-158 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 31 

109 Plutarch. 

Ill Suetonius the historian dies. 

114: Trajan erects his column at Rome. — Armenia becomes a prov- 
ince of the Roman empire. — ^lian. 

115 Trajan subdues Assyria. — An earthquake at Antioch. 

116 The Jews make an incursion into Egypt. — L. Annseus Florus. 

117 Adrian's expedition into Britain. — Trajan dies. 

118 The fourth persecution of the Christians, under Adrian. 

120 Nicomedia and other cities swallowed up by an earthquake. 

121 Adrian builds a wall between Carlisle and Newcastle. 

128 Csesarea and Mcopolis destroyed by an earthquake. — Aquila 
the interpreter translated the Old Testament into Greek. 

130 Adrian rebuilds Jerusalem and erects a temple to Jupiter. 

131 The Jews commence a second war. — St. Polycarp. 

, 132 Salvius Julianus compiles the perpetual edict, or body of laws, 

\ for the praetors at Alexandria. 

rl33 CI. Ptolemy the mathematician. 

134 Urbicus's wall was built between Edinburgh and Dumbarton 

Frith. — Marcion the heretic. 

135 The Jewish w^ar ends, and almost all the Jews banished. 

136 The second great canicular year of the Egyptians begins. — 

Arrian the historian and philosopher. 

138 Adrian dies at Raise. 

139 Justin Martyr writes his first apology for the Christians. 
141 A num.ber of heresies appear. 

144 Appian the historian. 

145 Antonius defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians. 

146 The worship of Serapis is introduced at Rome by the emperor, 

and his mysteries celebrated. — Artemidorus. 

147 Apuleius. 

148 Justin the historian. 

149 Aulus Gellius the grammarian. 

151 Maximus Tirius. 

152 An earthquake at Rhodes. — Antonius stops the persecution 

against the Christians. 

153 Pausanias. 

156 Attilius Titianus is put to death for usurping the empire. 
158 Lucian. 



32 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [161-213 a.d. 

161 Antonins Pius dies. — Hermogenes becomes an idiot. 

162 War with the Parthians ; continues three years. 

163 The persecution of the Christians under M. A. Antonius. — 

Galen. 
166 The Romans sent ambassadors to China. 
168 A plague over the known world. — Athenagoras. 
171 Montanus propagated his heresy. — Titian. 
174 War with the Marcomanni, Yandals, etc., finished. 

177 Another war with the Marcomanni, which lasts three years. 

178 Diogenes Laertius. 

180 Marcus Aurelius dies. 

181 Comraodus makes peace with the Germans. 

182 St. Irenseus. 

183 A violent war in Britain finished by Marcellus. — Theodotion 

the interpreter. 
186 Julius Pollux. 

188 The Capitol, etc., at Pome destroyed by lightning. 

189 A plague at Rome. — The Romans defeated by the Saracens. 

191 A great part of Rome destroyed by fire. 

192 Commodus is put to death. 

193 Pertinax is killed, and different persons assume the empire. 

194 Byzantium besieged by Severus. 

195 Disputes first commence about Easter. 

198 Albinus defeated by Severus in Gaul, and killed at Lyons. 

200 Severus goes into the East and defeats the Parthians. 

201 Symmachus published a version of the Bible. — Fapinianus. 

202 The fifth persecution of the Christians, under Sept. Sejierus. 

204 The secular games celebrated at Rome. 

205 An earthquake in Wales. 

206 Clemens Alexandrinus. 

207 Severus goes into Britain ; 50,000 of his troops die. — M. Felix. 

209 Severus builds his wall across Britain from the Frith of Forth. 

210 Pliilostratus. 

211 Severus dies at York. 

212 The Christian faith introduced into Scotland. — A distinction 

made between municipal and free citizens at Rome. — Cara- 
calla kills his brother Geta, and many others. 

213 Oppian. 



21G-2G1A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 33 

216 War between the Romans and Parthians. 

217 Caracalla is killed by Maximus. — The Septuagint is found in 

a cask. 

218 Maximus is put to death by the soldiers. 
220 Julius Africanus the chronologer. 

222 The Romans agree to pay an annual tribute to the Goths. 

225 Mathematicians are allowed to teach publicly at Rome. 

226 Parthia becomes tributary to Persia. 

229 The Arsacides terminate in Persia. — Dion Cassius the histo- 
rian. 

231 Origen. 

232 Ammonius the Christian begins a school of Platonic philoso- 

phers at Alexandria. 

233 The Romans defeat the Persians, with great slaughter, at Tad- 

mor. 
235 The sixth persecution against the Christians. 
238 Censorinus. 

241 The Franks first mentioned in history. — Gregory Thaumatur- 

gus. 

242 Gordian makes a successful expedition against the Persians. 

244 Gordian is put to death. 

245 Peace between the Romans and Persians. 

247 The secular games celebrated at Rome. — Herodian the histo- 
rian. 

249 The two Philips are killed : one at Verona, the other at Rome. 

250 The seventh persecution of the Christians, under Decius. 

251 The Romans defeated by the Goths at Msesia. — The Novatian 

heresy propagated. — St. Cyprian. 

252 The Romans become tributary to the Goths. — The Scythians 

and Persians invade Asia. — A great pestilence over the Ro- 
man empire. 
254 Plotinus. — A great eruption of iEtna. 

257 The eighth persecution of the Christians, under Valerian. 

258 The Roman empire is harassed by 30 tyrants. 

260 Valerian is taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, and flayed 

alive. — The temple of Diana consumed by fire. — The Scyth- 
ians ravaged the Roman empire. 

261 A great plague raged in the Roman empire. — Longinus. 



34 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [262-306 a.d. 

262 Earthquake in Europe, Asia, and Africa ; three days of dark- 
ness. 
264 Odenafcus, king of Palmyra, governs the Eastern empire. 

267 The Scythians and Goths defeated by the Romans. 

268 Gallienus is killed at Milan. 

269 Claudius gains a great victory over the Goths. — Zenobia takes 

possession of Egypt. 

272 The ninth persecution of the Christians, under Aurelian. 

273 Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, defeated by Aurelian ; Palmyra 

taken. 

274 The temple of the sun is built at Rome. — Dacia given up by 

Aurelian to the Barbarians. 

275 Aurelian is killed near Byzantium. 

276 Wines first made in Britain. — Tacitus dies at Tarsus. — Por- 

phyry. 

277 Probus's expedition into Gaul. — The Franks settled in Gaul. 
280 Probus defeats the Persians. 

282 Probus is put to death at Sirmium. 

284 The era of Diocletian begins. — The Romans send ambassadors 

to China. 

285 Arnobius. 

286 The empire attacked by northern nations ; several provinces 

usurped by tyrants. 

287 Carausius proclaimed emperor in Britain. 
289 Gregory and Hermogenes, lawyers. 

291 The two emperors and the two Csesars march to defend the 
four quarters of the empire. — ^lius Spartianus the historian. 

293 Carausius is killed by Alectus. — The Franks expelled from 
Batavia. 

296 Britain recovered to the emperors. — Alexandria besieged and 
taken by Dioclesian. ^ 

301 War between the Persians and Romans. — Julius Capitolinus. 

302 Hierocles. 

303 The tenth persecution of the Christians, under Diocletian. — 

Flavins VojDiscus. 

304 Diocletian and Maximianus resign the empire and live retu'ed. 

305 Trebellius Pollio. 

306 Constantius carries on war against the Britains ; dies. 



307-354 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 35 

307 A considerable part of Eome destroyed by fire. — ^1. Lam- 

pridius. 

308 Four emperors reigned at the same time. 

309 The Christians persecuted in the East. 

310 Constantine divides Britain into fom' governments. 

311 Lactantius. 

312 Maxentius killed. — The Indictions begin. — Pestilence over 

the East. 

313 The tenth persecution of Christians terminated by an edict of 

Constantine and Licinius. 

314 A civil war between Constantine and Licinius. 

315 The punishment of the cross abolished. 
319 Constantine begins to favor the Christians. 
321 Sundayappointed to be observed. 

323 Constantine becomes master of the empire ; gives full liberty 

to Christians. 

324 Licinius defeated and banished. 

326 The first general Council of 'Nice. — Arius. — Crispus, falsely 
accused, is put to death. — 'Christians persecuted by the 
Parthians. — Euse. Pamphilus. 

328 The seat of empire transferred from Rome to Constantinople. 

330 Constantinople dedicated. — A dreadful persecution in Persia. 

331 Heathen temples destroyed by order of the emperor. — St. 

Athanasitis. 

333 A great famine and pestilence in Syria. 

334 300,000 Sarmatians revolt, and are dispersed through the em- 

pire. 
337 Constantine the Great dies. 

340 Constantine, jun., killed at Aquileia. — An earthquake in the 

East. 

341 The gospel propagated ui Ethiopia by Frumentius. — St. Hi- 

lary. 

342 Jamblichus. 

344 Neocsesarea destroyed by an earthquake. 

350 Constans killed in Sj)ain. 

351 The heathens first called Pao-ans. 

353 ^lius Donatus the gTammarian. 

354 Gallus j)ut to death by Constantius. 



36 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [356-404 a.d. 

356 Eutropius, the historian and sophist. 

357 Julian defeated six German kings at Strasburg. 

358 An earthquake ruins 150 cities in Greece and Asia. — Libanius. 

359 Aniinianus Marcellinus. 

361 Constantius dies at Tarsus. — Gregory Xazianzen. 

363 Julian in vain endeavors to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem, 

and dies in an expedition into Persia. — Aurelius Victor. 

364 The Roman emperors enacted laws against magicians. — Brit- 

ain harassed by the Picts, Scots, and Saxons. — The Roman 
empire divided into the Eastern and Western Empires. 
370 Valens marched against the Persians. — St. Basil. 

372 Eunapius. 

373 The Bible translated into the Gothic tongue. 

374 St. Ambrose made bishop of Milan, and dies 397. - 
376 The Goths, expelled by the Huns, settle in Thrace. 

378 Yalens defeated the Goths. 

379 The Lombards first leave Scandinavia, and defeat the Vandals. 

— Aiisonius. 

381 The second general council of Constantinople. — Macedonius. 

383 The Emperor Gratian defeated and killed. — The Huns rav- 
aged Mesopotamia. — Pappus of Alexandria, the mathema- 
tician. 

385 Theon, jun., of Alexandria, the mathematician. 

387 The quinquennales celebrated by Arcadius. — St. Jerome. 

388 The tjrrant Maximus defeated and killed by Theodosius. 

389 The first kings of the Lombards elected in Pannonia. 
392 Prudentius. 

394 Theodosius defeats Eugenius and Arbogastes. — St. Augustine. 

395 Theodosius the Great dies. 

396 St. Chrysostom. 

397 Claudian. 

398 Heliodorus. 

401 Alaric, king of the Goths, overruns Europe. — Sulpicius Seve- 

rus, the ecclesiastical historian. 

402 The Avari become masters of Great Tartary. 

403 Alaric defeated by Stilicho. — Macrobius. 

404 An irruption of the Goths. — Panodorus of Alexandria, the 

monk and chronolosrer. 



405^41 A.D.] 



niNDBOOK OF DATES. 37 



405 The Pelagian heresy published. — John Stobaeus. — Stilicho 

defeats 200,000 Goths in the mountains of Fesulse. 

406 The Yandals, Alani, and Suevi, siDread into France. — Pelagius. 
408 The Christian religion propagated in Persia. — Hypatia the 

mathematician. 
410 Eome taken and plundered by Alaric. — Servius, the commen- 
tator on Yirgil. 

412 The Yandals begin their kingdom in Spain. — Armenia divided 

between the Persians and Romans. — St. Cyril, bishop of 
Alexandria. 

413 The kingdom of the Burgundians begins in Alsace. 

414 The Yisigoths founded the kingdom of Toulouse. 

415 The Christians persecuted in Persia. 

416 Orosius the historian. 

417 The Alans extirpated by the Goths. 

419 An earthquake in Palestine. 

420 The kingdom of the French begins on the Lower Rhine. — 

China divided into two empires. 

421 The Salic law promulgated. — The Christians persecuted in 

Persia. 

422 The Huns ravage Thrace. 

423 The Western Empire usurped by John. 

425 The restoration of learning attempted by Theodosius. 

426 The Romans leave Britain. 

427 Pannonia is recovered by the Romans. — Zosimus the historian. 

431 The third general council of Ephesus. — :N"estorius, the heretic 

bishop of Constantinople. 

432 The Roman provinces in Africa submit to the Yandals. 

433 A great part of Constantinople consumed by fire. — Attila, 

king of the Huns, begins his reign. 

435 Nestorianism prevails in the East. — The Theodosian codex 
published. 

437 The Goths defeated by ^^tius. — The first persecution of the 
Christians by the Yandals. — Theodoret, bishop of Cyrus. 

439 Genseric becomes master of Carthage ; commences the king- 
dom of the Yandals in Africa. — Sozomen, the ecclesiastical 
historian. 

441 The Huns, Persians, Saracens, etc., invade the Roman territo- 
ries. 



38 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [443^91 a.d. 

443 The Manichsean books burned at Eome. — Olympiodorus, the 
ecclesiastical historian. 

446 Fire, famine, pestilence, and sedition at Constantinople. — The 

Britons make their fruitless complaint to JEtius and the Ro- 
mans, against the incursions of the Scots and Picts. 

447 Attila, with his Huns, ravages Europe. 

449 The Saxons first come into Britain. — Heptarchy established in 

England. — A great famine in Italy. 

450 Theodosius II. dies. 

451 The fourth general council of Chalcedon . — Attila defeated by 

^tius. — The Christians persecuted in Britain. — Eutyches. 

452 The city of Venice takes its rise about this time. 

454 The Britons in vain attempt to expel the Saxons. — The Van- 

dals become masters of Sicily. 

455 Rome taken by Genseric. — The kingdom of Kent begins. 

456 The Suevi defeated by Theodoric. — Prosjper. 

457 Vortimer defeated by Ilengist. 

458 A great earthquake at Antioch. — The Chinese said to have 

sailed to the north of California. 
461 Afire in Constantinople. — Peace between the Emperor Leo 

and the Goths. 
464 The Vandals expelled from Sicily. 
460 The Goths defeated by the Romans. 

467 The Vandals defeated by the Romans. 

468 The Visigoths drive the Romans out of Spain. 

474 Leo I. and Leo II. die. 

475 Ilengist treacherously massacres 300 British nobles. — The 

Saxons defeated by the Romans. — Gelasius of Cyzicum. 

476 The kingdom of Italy begins. — The Western Empire ended. 

— A dreadful fire in Constantinople. — Odoacer captures 
Rome. 

479 Peter surnamed the Fuller. 

480 Great part of Constantinople destroyed by an earthquake. 

484 Huneric, king of the Vandals, persecutes the Christians. 

485 Clovis defeats the Romans at Soissons ; some say 486 a.d. 
487 The Britons, under Prince Arthur, defeat the Saxons. 

490 Theodoric defeats Odoacer. 

491 Ella founds the second Saxon kingdom of Sussex. 



493-522 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 39 

493 The kingdom of Italy passes from the Heruli to the Ostro- 

goths. — IMalchus the sophist. 

494 The Roman pontiff asserts his supremacy. 

495 Timotheus Gazaeus. — Third Saxon invasion of Britain. 

496 Christianity received in France. 

499 The Bulgarians ravage Thrace. — Fnlgentius. 

500 The Saracens ravage Syria and Phoenicia. 

501 Anastasius makes peace with the Saracens.— Acadius, coun- 

sellor to Gondebaud. — Gondebaud publishes his laws of the 
Bm-gundians. 

503 Anastasius' army cut to pieces by Cabades, king of Persia. — 

The Pope resisted the legal magistrate. 

504 The Christians persecuted by the Vandals. — The pandects 

published. — Magi prevailed at Rome. 

505 The Persian war ends. 

506 Arien, chancellor of Alaric, reforms the Theodosian code. 

507 Alaric defeated and killed by Clovis, near Poictiers. — Clovis 

founds the kingdom of the Franks. 

509 A great fire at Constantinople. — The Saracens invade Arabia 

and Palestine. 

510 Paris becomes the capital of the French Dominions. 

511 A great insurrection at Constantinople. — Prince Arthur de- 

feats the Saxons. — Salic law established m France. 

512 An eruption of Vesuvius. 

514 The Persian and Saracen kings embrace the Christian religion. 
— Boetius the philosopher. — Constantinople besieged by 
Vitalianus, whose fleet is burned by a brass speculum of 
Proclus. — Cassiodorus made governor of Sicily by Theodoric. 

516 The GetEe ravage Macedonia, Thessaly, etc. — The computa- 

tion of time by the Christian era, introduced by Dionysius 
the monk. 

517 Five years of drought and pestilence in Palestine. 

519 Prince Arthur defeated at Charford by Cerdic, which begins 

the third Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 

520 The Britons defeat the Anglo-Saxons at Bath. 

521 An earthquake at Corinth. — Hesychius of Miletus. 

522 Thrasamond, king of the Vandals, defeated and killed by the 

Moors. 



40 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [525-552 a.d. 

525 Antioch consumed by fire. — Priscian the grammarian. 

527 Erchenwin founds the fourth Saxon kmgdom of Essex. 

528 Belisarius marches with an army against the Persians. 

529 The code of Justinian is published, April 16. — The order of 

Benedictine monks is instituted. — Tribonianus, the famous 
lawyer. 

532 A conspiracy and sedition at Constantinople. — A great pesti- 

lence in Ethiopia. — The kingdom of Burgundy conquered by 
Childebert and Clotaire. 

533 The digest of Justinian is published, Dec. 30. — Belisarius sent 

against the Vandals in Africa. 

534 The kingdom of the Yandals finished by Belisarius. — Proco- 

pius, the historian and secretary to Belisarius. 

535 'Belisarius gains Sicily. 

536 Belisarius takes Naples. — The inhabitants of Constantinople 

taught to fabricate silk. 

537 Rome surrendered to Belisarius. — French coin current in the 

Roman empire. — Count Marcellinus the chronologer. 

539 Italy distressed with war, famine, and pestilence. — The Goths 

take the city of Milan. — The camps of the Romans and the 
Goths taken by Theodebert. 

540 Yitiges taken prisoner by Belisarius, in Ravenna. — The Moors 

defeat the Romans in Africa. — Antioch destroyed by the 
king of Persia. 

541 Jornandes, the Gothic historian. 

542 The consulship of Basilius ; the last at Rome. — Prince Arthur 

murdered. — Antioch rebuilt. — The Romans defeated by 
the Goths, on the Po. 

543 A great plague desolates Asia and Europe. — Totila, king of 

the Goths, seizes Tuscany, Campania, etc. 

546 Rome taken by Totila, and barbarously pillaged. 

547 Ida founds the fifth Saxon kingdom of ]^orthumberland. 

549 Totila fortifies Rome. 

550 An earthquake in Palestine, Syria, etc. — The State of Poland 

formed by Leek. 

551 The manufacture of silk introduced into Europe from India. 

552 The empire of the Avars in Great Tartary ends. — The fifth 

general council, or second of Constantinople. 



554-589 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 41 

554 i^arses defeats and kills Tela, king of the Goths, and thus fin- 
ishes the Ostrogoth monarchy in Italy. 

556 A sedition of the Jews in Palestine. — Civil wars in France. — 

Gilclas, the British historian. 

557 A great earthquake at Rome, Constantinople, etc. 

558 A terrible plague over Europe, Asia, and Africa, which con- 

tinues nearly 50 years. 

559 The Heptarchy began in England. 

561 A conspiracy against Justinian. — Belisarius is disgraced, but is 
restored the next year. 

563 Constantinople almost destroyed by fire. 

565 The kmgdom of France divided. — Columbus propagates Chris- 
tianity among the Picts. — Justinian dies. — Agathias the 
historian. 

567 The kingdom of the Visigoths founded in Spain. 

568 The Lombards, invited from Pannonia by Narses, found a 

kingdom in Italy. 

569 The Turks first mentioned in history. — Exarchs are sent to 

Ravenna against the Lombards. — Birth of Mohammed. 

572 The Persians declare war against Justin. — Gregory of Tours. 

573 The Avari ravage part of Germany. 

574 The Persians invade and plunder Syria. 

575 Civil wars in France. — The first monastery foimded in Ba- 

varia. — Uffa founds the sixth Saxon kingdom of the East 
Angiia. 

576 Chosroes the Great defeated by the Emperor Justm's army. 
578 Justin II. dies. 

580 Chosroes again defeated, and dies of grief. — The city of Anti- 

och destroyed by an earthquake. 

581 Latin ceased about this time to be spoken in Italy. — Great 

fire in Paris. 

582 Crida founds the seventh Saxon kingdom in Britain, called 

Mei'cia. 

583 The Suevi in Spain conquered by the Visigoths, which finishes 

the kingdom. 

584 The origin of fiefs in France. 
587 An earthquake at Antioch. 

589 The Tiber overflowed Rome, — The several provinces of China 
united. — Philippicus defeated the Persians. 



42 HANDBOOK OF DATES. . . [590-622 a.d. 

590 Pestilence in Italy and France. — The Romans defeated by the 
Avari. 

592 Ceaulin defeated and dethroned in the battle of Wanborough 

in Wilts by Ceolric. 

593 The Avar! expelled from Thrace. — The Gascons establish 

themselves. 

595 The Sclavonians penetrate into Istria, Bohemia, and Poland. — 

The Lombards ravage Italy. 

596 John of Constantinople assumes the title of universal bishop. 

597 Augustin the monk comes into England. 

598 A truce between the Romans and Lombards. 

599 A dreadful pestilence in Africa. 

600 The Sclavonians and Avari ravage Italy. 

602 Mauricius, emperor of the East, put to death by Phocas. — 

The Lombards defeat the Romans. 

603 War between the Persians and Greeks. — Secundus, historian 

of the Lombards. 

604 Chosroes defeats the Roman army. — St. Paul's church in Lon- 

don founded by Ethelbert. 

605 The use of bells introduced into churches. — The power of the 

popes begins. 

606 The court of chancery instituted in England. 

607 The Pantheon of Rome converted into a church. 

609 The Jews in Antioch revolt, and massacre the Christians. 

610 Heraclius takes Constantinople. 

611 The church and abbey of Westminster founded by Sibert. 

612 The Saracens ravage Syria. — Mahomet begins to publish his 

Koran. — Theophylactus Simocatta the historian. 

613 Clotaire reigns over all France. 

614 The Persians take Jerusalem, and carry off the cross of Christ. 

615 The Persians overrun Africa, and take Alexandria. 

616 The Persians take and plunder Carthage. — The Jews banished 

out of Spain and France. 

617 Edwin kills Ethelfrid in the battle of Retford. — John of Al- 

exandria, called Philoponus, the grammarian and commen- 
tator on Aristotle. 

618 The Avari take and plunder Constantinople. 

622 Heraclius defeats the Persians in a great battle. — Mahomet 
fled from Mecca to Medina, and the Ilegira begins. 



628-085 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. ' 43 

628 An academy founded at Canterbury. — Chosroes put to death 
by his son. 

632 The era of Jesdegird commences. 

633 Edwin, king of !N"orthumberland, killed in a battle by Penda, 

king of Mercia. 

634 The Saracens take Damascus. — Geo. Pisides, the poet arid 

historian. 

635 The Sara'cens invade Egypt and Palestine. 

636 The Christian religion introduced into China. 

637 The Saracens take Jerusalem. 

640 The Saracens take Alexandria, and burn the library. 

641 Heraclius dies. 

644 Omar, caliph of the Saracens, killed. — The University of Cam- 
bridge founded by Sigebert, king of the East Angiia. — The 
laws of the Lombards formed into a system. 

647 The Saracens make themselves masters of Africa. 

648 The Saracens take Cyprus. 

652 Persia becomes a part of the empire of the caliphs. 

653 The Saracens take Rhodes, ravage Armenia, and defeat the 

Greeks at sea. — The Danes invade England. 
660 Orgaus first used in churches. 
663 The kingdom of Lombardy taken possession of by Grimoald, 

duke of Beneventum. — Glass invented and brought into 

England. 

668 Constans murdered, and the Eastern Empire usurped by Me- 

tius the Armenian. 

669 The Saracens ravage Sicily. 

671 The Saracens invade Syria, besiege Constantinople, etc. 
673 The Saracens defeated by the Greeks. 

675 The Saracens attempt to land in Spain, but are defeated by 

Wamba. 

676 The Saracens make a peace with Constantine on paying an an- 

nual tribute. 

680 The sixth general council of Constantinople. 

681 Pestilence in Saxony, and next year in Syria. 

684 Egfrid, king of Northumberland, invades Ireland, but is de- 

feated. — An eruption of Vesuvius. 

685 Constantine V. dies. — The Britons totally subdued by the 

Saxons. 



44 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [686-748 A.'d. 

686 Sussex subdued by Ceadwalla, and united to the kingdom of 

Wessex. 
688 Kent wasted by the West Saxons. 
690 Pepin engrosses the power of the French monarchy. 

694 A conspiracy of the Jews in Spain. — Justinian II. banished. 

695 Money first coined by the Arabians. 

697 Leontius deposed. 

698 The Saracens take Carthage, and expel the Romans from Af- 

rica. — The Picts in Britain embrace the Christian religion. 
— The first prince of Poland elected, and Cracow built. 
701 Eighty-one battles fought by the Saracens. 

703 Justinian seized on Thrace, and marched to Constantinople. 

704 The Lombards reduced by internal wars; the first province 

given to the Pope. 

706 Justinian defeats the Bulgarians. 

707 The Saracens invade the Roman territories. 

709 In a published the laws of the Saxons about this time. 
711 Justinian is put to death by Philippicus. 

713 The Saracens conquer Spain. — The Bulgarians ravage Thrace. 

714 Charles Martel governs all France. 

717 The Saracens unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople. — Charles 

Martel defeats King Chilperic. 

718 The kingdom of Asturias in Spain founded by Pelagio. 

719 Boniface, an Anglo-Saxon, propagates the Christian religion in 

Germany. 
727 Ina, king of Wessex, began the tax of Peter's-pence. 
730 Pope Gregory excommunicated the Emperor. 
732 The Saracens defeated by Charles Martel, near Tours. 

735 Charles Martel becomes master of Aquitaine. — The Pope's 

nuncio instituted about this time. 

736 Leo destroys all the images in his empire, and persecutes the 

monks. 

737 Joannes Demascenus. 

743 Fredegaire, the French historian. 

744 The monastery of Fulda in Germany founded. 

746 A dreadful pestilence over Europe and Asia for three years. 
748 The computation of years from the birth of Christ begins to 
be used in histories from this time. 



749-792 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 45 

749 The race of Abbas become caliphs of the Saracens, and encour- 

age learnmg; the empn-e of the Saracens is divided into 
three parts. — Many cities in Syria are destroyed by an earth- 
quake. 

750 The Merovingian race ends in France. 

751 The second race of the French kings begins. 

752 The exarchs of Ravenna are conquered by the Lombards. — 

The defenders of images are persecuted. — The first conse- 
cration of the kings of France. — The exarchate ends by the 
capture of Ravenna. 

753 The kings of the Lombards declared war against the Pope. 

754 Pepin assists the Pope with a numerous army. — The kingdom 

of Cordova in Spain founded. 

755 The temporal dominion of the Pope commences. 

757 The first organ sent by Constantine to France. — Pepin re- 
duces the Saxons. 

761 Constantine persecuted the worshippers of the images. 

762 Bagdad built by Almansor. — Burials permitted in towns. 

763 A violent frost begins about Oct. 1, and lasts about 150 days. 
766 The Turks ravage Armenia and Asia. 

770 Constantine dissolves the monasteries in the East. 
772 Charlemagne makes war against the Saxons. 

774 The kingdom of the Lombards terminates by Charlemagne's 

capture of Pavia. 

775 AlcuinuS; dies 804 a.d. 

776 Charlemagne reduces the Saxons. 

778 Charlemagne restored learning in France. 

780 The worship of images re-established. 

781 Paulus Winifridus, surnamed Diaconus, the historian. 

784 Charlemagne defeats Wittikind and the Saxons, so that they 
submit. 

787 The Danes, for the first time, arrive in England. — The sev- 

enth general council, or second of Nice, begins. 

788 Pleadings in com-ts of judicature are instituted. 

790 An earthquake at Constantinople. 

791 Charlemagne defeats the Avari in Pannonia. — The Moors de- 

feated by the Spaniards with great slaughter. 

792 An academy founded in Paris. — Ethelbert, king of East An- 

glia, treacherously murdered by Off a, king of Mercia. 



46 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [794-835 a.d. 

794 Charlemagne extirpated the Huns. — Off a begins the tax 
called Peter's-pence, in Mercia. 

796 The Pope sent legates to Charlemagne to request him to con- 

firm his election. 

797 Seventeen days of unusual darkness. — Alphonso defeats the 

Moors. —Constantine dethroned and put to death by his 
mother Irene. 

800 The temporal power of the popes abridged. — Charlemagne 

proclaimed at Rome Emperor of the West. 

801 A great earthquake in France, Germany, and Italy. 

802 The empress Irene deposed and banished. 
808 The first descent of the Normans into France. 

810 A civil war among the Saracens. 

811 Nicephorus killed by the king of the Bulgarians. — Eginhard 

the historian. 

814 Leo ordered the images in churches to be destroyed. 

815 An insurrection against the Pope at Rome. 

816 Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almamon. 

817 Ecclesiatics exempted from military service. — Louis divides 

his kingdom among his children. 

819 Almamon ordered his astronomers to measure a degree of lati- 

tude" on the plains of Sinjar, near Babylon. 

820 Leo V. killed in the temple at Constantinople by Michael. 

822 Constantinople besieged by the Saracens under Thomas the 

slave ; but the siege is raised by the Bulgarians. 

823 The Saracens of Spain take possession of Crete, and call it 

Candia. 

826 Harold, king of Denmark, embraces the Christian religion, and 

is dethroned by his subjects. 

827 The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by order of 

Almamon. — The Saracens take possession of Sicily, etc. 

828 The several kingdoms of England united under Egbert. — The 

kingdoms of Navarre and Arragon founded. 

829 Missionaries sent from France to Sweden. — St. Mark's at 

Venice is built. 

830 Theophilus published an edict against images. 

832 Painters banished from the Eastern Empire by Theophilus. 
835 The feast of All-Saints instituted. 



838-870 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 47 

838 The Picts defeated and their nation extirpated by Kenneth, 
king of Scotland. 

840 Lonis le Debonnau'e dies. 

841 The battle of Fontenai, where Lotharius is defeated. — Albu- 

masar, the Arabian astronomer. 

842 Theophilus dies. — The worship of images restored. — Ger- 

many separated from the empire of the Franks. 

843 A new partition of the French dominion. 

844 The king of Spain defeated the king of Corduba. — The king 

of Germany defeated the Vandals. 

845 The j^ormans penetrate into Germany, — Hincmarus, arch- 

bishop of Rheims. 

847 A great earthquake in Italy. 

848 The Venetian fleet totally defeated by the Saracens in the bay 

of Crotona. 

850 About this time the gospel was preached in Denmark and 

Sweden. 

851 The Normans invade England. — The Saracens ravage Sar- 

dinia and Corsica. 

852 The English defeat the Danes at Okley. — The Moors perse- 

cute the Christians in Spain. 

853 The l!^ormans get possession of some cities in France. 

855 The Emperor Lotharius retires to a monastery and dies. 

856 The Normans plunder the waste of Holland. — An earthquake 

over a great part of the known world. — Odo the historian. 

857 The Scots defeated by the Britons. 

859 A severe winter and frost ; carriages used on the Adriatic. — 

Photius, patriarch of Constantinople. 

860 The schism of the Greeks begins. 

861 Rurick, the first prince of Russia, begins to reign. 

862 Missionaries sent to convert the Sclavonians. — John Scotus. 

865 Civil war among the Saracens in the East. — They ravage 

Italy. 

866 Anastasius the librarian. 

867 The Danes conquer Northumberland. 

868 The government of Egypt becomes independent of the Saracen 

caliphs of Bagdad under Ahmed. 
870 The Danes successfully ravage England. 



48 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [871-C05 a.d. 

871 Ethelred fought nine pitched battles with the Danes in one 

year. 

872 Clocks first brought from Venice to Constantinople. — The 

Danes defeat Alfred near Wilton. — Charlemagne makes 
war against the Saxons. 
874 The Danes invade Scotland. 

878 Alfred concealed himself in the isle of Athelney; but soon 

after defeats the Danes ; they leave England. 

879 The Normans invade Germany. — The kingdom of Aries 

begins. 

880 The Normans ravage France. — The French monarchy divided 

between Louis and Carloman. 

881 Louis defeats the Normans in a great battle. 

882 Albategni the mathematician, surnamed Mahomet of Aractus. 
881 Keginon the historian. 

885 The Normans besiege Paris. 

886 The university of Oxford founded about this time by Alfred. 

— The Scythians become masters of Croatia. — Charles 
made a dishonorable peace with the Normans. 

888 The dominions of Charles le Gros divided into five kingdoms. 

889 The Bulgarians ravage Greece. — The Hungarians settle about 

the Danube. 

890 The Normans ravage France and the low countries. — Alfred 

divides England into counties, and composes his body of 
laws about this time. 

891 The Danes again invade England. — Arnolph of Germany de- 

feats the Normans. — The first land tax in England. 
395 The monastery of Cluny is founded. 

896 Arnolph takes Rome. 

897 War between the Greeks and Bulgarians. — A great famine in 

Germany. — John Asser the historian. 
899 The Hungarians ravage Lombardy. 

901 Civil wars in France and Germany. 

902 The Saracens defeated by Himerius at sea. 

903 The Normans ravage France. 
901 The Hungarians ravage Italy. 

905 Haron, caliph of Egypt, conquered and killed by Mahomet, the 
Saracenian general. 



910-061 a1>.] handbook of DATES. 49 

910 AVar begins in England against the Danes. 

911 Leo VI., who wrote several treatises in the age of ignorance, 

dies. 

912 The Normans establish themselves in France under RoUa. — 

The Carlovingian race of emperors ends in Louis III. — 
The empire of Germany becomes elective. 

913 The Danes seize on the erown of England. 

914 The Hungarians defeated by Conrad. — The Saracens defeated 

by Constantine's generals. 

915 The Hungarians ravage Saxony. — The University of Cam- 

bridge founded. 

916 Ordonno II. defeats the Saracens in Spain. 

917 The Bulgarians besiege Constantinople. 

919 Phocas raises a sedition at Constantinople ; is killed by Roma- 

nus, w^ho is advanced to the empire. 

920 The Moors defeat the Christians in Spain. 

922 The Hungarians pillage Germany. — Rodolph defeats Beren- 

ger in the battle of Placentia. 

923 The Moors defeated in SjJain. — Fiefs established in France. 

924 The Hungarians ravage Italy. 

925 Sigifrid elected first marquis of Brandenburg. 

930 Henry subjects the Danes to the payment of tribute. 
932 Arnolph of Bavaria defeated by Hugh, king of Italy. 
934 Azophi, the Arabian astronomer. 

936 The Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdoms. 

937 Liutprand the historian. 

939 Ramisus, king of Spain, defeats the Saracens at Simanca. 

941 Arithmetic brought into Europe. 

942 The Eastern emperors take possession of the kingdom of 

Xaples. 
945 The Turks ravage Thrace. — Danes invade France. 
947 Alfarabius, the Arabian astronomer. 
950 Otho made Bohemia tributary. 

958 War between the N'prmans and Saracens in Italy. 

959 Berenger plunders Italy. — Power of the monks great in Eng- 

land. 

960 Otho's expedition against the Yandals. 

961 Phocas recovers Candia from the Saracens. 



50 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [968-1015 a.d. 

968 The N'ormans ravage Spain. 

969 Otho, jun., defeats Nicephorus, and drives the Saracens out of 

Italy. — The race of Abbas extinguished by the Fatimites, 
who build Grand Cairo. 
971 The Russians, Bulgarians, etc., defeated by Bardas in Bul- 
garia. 

976 Bardas usurps the Eastern Empire. 

977 Otho defeats and subdues the Bohemians. 

979 War between Otho and Lothaire. 

980 The two emperors of Constantinople recover Apulia and 

Calabria. 

982 The Vandals and Bohemians ravage Saxony, etc. — A civil 

war in Spain. 

983 Violent commotions and dissensions in Venice. 

985 The Danes invade England and Scotland under Sueno. 
987 The third race of kings in France begins. 

990 England invaded by the Normans. 

991 The figures in arithmetic brought into Europe by the Sara- 

cens from Arabia. — Gerbert, afterwards Pope Silvester 11. 

993 A great eruption of Vesuvius. 

994 King of Denmark and Norway invades England. 

995 Almanzor defeats the Christians. 

996 The empire of Germany declared elective by Otho III. 
998 The Christians defeat Almanzor. 

1000 Basilius defeats the Bulgarians and drives them out of Thes- 

saly. 

1001 An insurrection in Rome against Otho. 

1002 The Emperor Henry assumes the title of King of the Romans. 

— A general massacre of the Danes in England. 

1004 Sueno invades England. 

1005 A new style of architecture for churches. 
1007 A great eruption of Vesuvius. 

1009 The Saracens besiege Jerusalem ; a civil war among them in 
Spain. 

1012 Ethelred grants an annual tribute to the Danes. 

1013 The Danes under Sueno get possession of England. 

1015 The king of Poland agrees to pay a yearly tribute to the em- 
peror of Germany. 



1016-1061 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 51 

1016 Edmund Ironside fought six battles in England with Canute 
II., king of Denmark, most of which he lost by the treach- 
ery of Edric. 

1018 The Normans' first enter Italy in a body. 

1019 Bulgaria reduced to the form of a Roman province. 

1020 A dreadful plague in Saxony. 

1021 Guy d' Arezzo in Italy ; or, Aretin the monk. 

1022 N'ew species of music under six notes, introduced by Aretin. 

1023 The caliph of Egypt ravages Palestine, and plunders the 

Temple of Jerusalem. 
1028 Canute conquers N"orway. — Constantino, emperor of the 
East, is succeeded by Roman us. 

1030 Campanus of Novarro, the astronomer. — Romanus defeated 

in Syria by the Saracens. 

1031 Romanus drives the Saracens out of Syria, and begins to 

build the Temple of Jerusalem. — The Normans conquer 
Apulia. 

1035 Capua taken from the Pope by the king of Sicily. — The 

kingdoms of Castile and Arragon begin. — The Vandals 
ravage Saxony. 

1036 The kingdom of Norway begins. 

1038 An earthquake and famine at Constantinople. — The dynasty 
of Ommiades ends in Spain. 

1040 Smyrna destroyed by an earthquake. — The Saracens of Afri- 
ca invade Italy. — The Greeks ravage Bohemia. 

1043 The Russians come from Scythia, and land in Thrace. — The 
Turks become masters of Persia. 

1046 Three usurping popes deposed by a council convened at Su- 
trium by the Emperor Henry III. 

1050 The Greek church separated from the Latin. 

1053 Pope Leo IX. taken prisoner in Naples by the Normans. 

1055 The Turks take Bagdad, and overturn the empire of the 
caliphs. 

1057 George Cedrenus the historian. 

1058 Guiscard drives the Saracens out of Sicily. 

1060 A severe famine in Germany, 

1061 Surnames appointed to be taken in Scotland, by a parliament 

at Forfar. 



52 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1062-1094 a.d. 

1062 Seventy thousand persons and more undertook a voyage to 

Palestine, and were killed or made prisoners. — M. Prellus 
of Constantinople, the historian. 

1063 The massacre of Goslar. * 

1065 Jerusalem taken by the Turks from the Saracens. 

1066 The conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, in 

the battle of Hastings, Oct. 14. 

1069 The Danes land in England. 

1070 The feudal law introduced into England. 

1071 The Turks defeated Romanus and took him prisoner. 

1072 Roger took possession of Sicily. — Surnames were first used 

in England about this time. 

1073 Marinus Scotus. 

1074 The king of Bohemia obliged to pay tribute to the Holy See. 

1075 The famous wars of the Saxons against Henry begin about 

this time. 

1076 Asia Minor, having been subdued by Solyman two years ago, 

was from this time called Turkey. 

1077 The Emperor Henry IV. of Germany goes barefooted to the 

Pope at Canossa. 

1078 Henry lY. retracts his submission to the Pope. 

1080 Domesday book begins to be compiled, and is finished in 

1086. 

1081 Henry IV. lays siege to Rome. — William of Spires, the 

mathematician. 
1083 Henry IV. takes possession of Rome. 

1085 Toledo taken from the Saracens, made the capital of Castile. 

— The conflict between Pope Gregory VII. (Hildebrand) 
and Henry IV., concerning the right of investiture. 

1086 The order of Carthusians founded by Bruno. 

1087 An expedition of the Christians against the Saracens in 

Africa. — William I. ravages France. — Suidas, author of 
the Greelc lexicon. 

1090 The dynasty of Assassins began in Irak. 

1091 The Saracens in Spain call in Joseph, king of Morocco, who 

thus gains possession of all their dominions in that king- 
dom. 
1094 Margaret conquers Sweden, and annexes it to Denmark. 



1095-1127 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 53 

1095 Sigebert the historian. — Urban 11. announces the first cru- 

sade, I^ov. 18-28. 

1096 The emperor took IsTaples and Sicily. — St. George becomes 

the patron saint of England. — 16,000 Jews murdered by 
the crusaders, at Triers, Cologne, and Mayence. — Odo, 
bishop of Bayeux, died. 

1098 The order of St. Benedict instituted. 

1099 Jerusalem captured by the Christian army, June 27 ; Godfrey 

elected king of Jerusalem, and the order of Knights of St. 
John instituted. — First crusade ends July 23. 

1100 An earthquake in Sicily. — William 11. accidentally shot in 

the Xew Forest, Aug. 2. 

1102 Baldwin defeats the Saracens near Joppa. — William, duke of 

Aquitain, undertakes a voyage to Palestine with a numer- 
ous army. 

1103 William's army massacred at Constantinople. 

1101 Baldwin defeats the Saracens, and takes Ptolemais. 

1105 Henry, king of England, invades ISTormandy. 

1106 Henry IV. of Germany captured by his son and formally de- 

posed. 

1109 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, died. 

1110 Learning revived at the University of Cambridge. — Writing 

on paper made of cotton became common. — The library of 
Tripoli, containing 300,000 volumes, burned by the Chris- 
tians. 

1114 Peter Abelard. 

1115 Peter the hermit died. 

1119 Baldwin defeats the Turks at Antioch. — Bohemia erected 

into a kingdom. — Institution of the order of Knights Tem- 
plars, by Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem. 

1120 Prince William, with a number of English lords, drowned in 

their return to England from Barfieur. 

1124 Oriflamme first used as a national banner. 

1125 Baldwin overcomes the Saracens near Antioch. — Germany 

afflicted with the plague. 

1126 Aimed of Beverly died. 

1127 The Pope declares war against Roger, duke of Sicily, who is 

proclaimed king. 



54 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1132-1162 a.d. 

1132 The kindom of Portugal begins. — The Cistertians exempted 
from tithes. — St. Bernard. 

1136 Averroes of Corduba, called the Commentator. 

1137 The pandect of Justinian found in the ruins of Amalfi. 

1138 The Scots invade England and are defeated. 

1139 A civil war in England. — Alphonso, having defeated the 

Moors, is proclaimed king of Portugal. 

1140 King Stephen defeated and taken prisoner. — Abelard's doc- 

trines condemned. — Battle of Weinsberg ; names of Guelph 
and Gibelline first used after this battle. 

1141 Stephen exchanged ; begins to recover his kingdom. — The 

factions of the Guelph s and Gibellines prevail. 

1142 Abelard dies. 

1143 The Koran translated into Latin. — William of Malmesbury, 

the historian, died. 

1146 The Empress Matilda retires out of England. 

1147 A quarrel between Stephen and Theobald, archbishop of Can- 

terbury. — The second crusade into the Holy Land by the 
preaching of St. Bernard. 

1149 Henry of Anjou arrives in England. — Roger YL of Sicily 

invades and ravages Greece. 

1150 The civil law revived at Bologna by Wernesus, who was the 

first restorer after Justinian. 

1151 The cannon law composed by Gratian. 

1153 Treaty of Winchester between Stephen and Henry. 

1154 Nouradin took Damascus. — Christianity introduced into Fin- 

land. — Geoffrey of Monmouth died. 

1155 Arnold of Brescia burned at Bome. 

1156 The city of Moscow founded. 

1157 Baldwin defeats Nouradin near Gennesareth. 

1158 Frederic received the title of king of Bohemia at the diet of 

Ratisbon. 

1159 Insurrections in Scotland. — War between England and 

France. — The emperor excommunicated by the Pope. 

1160 The order of Carmelites instituded. 

1161 Eustathius, the commentator on Homer. 

1162 The affairs of the crusaders on the decline in Palestine. — 

The Emperor Frederic destroys Milan. 



116a-1190 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 55 

1163 Nouradin defeats Raymond II. — John of Salisbury. 
1161 Constitution of Clarendon, Jan. 25. — The Teutonic order 
begins. — The first king of Sardinia created by Frederic. 

1165 Simeon of Durham. 

1166 Maimonides of Corduba, the most learned of Jews. 

1167 Frederic takes possession of Rome. — War between England 

and France. — The caliph of Persia invades Egypt. 

1169 Interview between the kings of England and France, at St. 

Denis. 

1170 Peace between England and France. 

1171 The Venetians take the island of Chio. — The sovereigns of 

Egypt henceforth styled Sultans. — The Bank of Venice, 
the first banking-house established in Europe. 

1172 Henry II. of England takes possession of Ireland. 

1173 The city of Catania destroyed by an earthquake. 

1174 William acknowledges the kingdom of Scotland a fief of the 

crown of England. 

1176 Frederic totally defeated by the Milanese. — The dispensing 

of justice by circuits first appomted in England. — Genghis- 
kan begins to reign. 

1177 Baldwin defeats Saladin before Jerusalem. 

1178 The Pope sends a legate to Prester-John. 

1179 Saladin defeats the crusaders. — The French king visits 

Becket's tomb in England. — The University of Padua 
founded. 

1181 The laws of England digested by Glanville. 

1182 Saladin takes Damascus. 

1183 Peter of Blois, the historian. 

1181 Andronicus orders all the Latins in Constantinople to be 
murdered. 

1186 The Bulgarians throw off the Roman yoke. 

1187 The kingdom of Jerusalem finished, that city being taken by 

Saladin. 

1188 The third crusade. — The tax called Saladin's tithe imposed. 

1189 The kings of England and France go to the Holy Land. — 

Richard renounces his superiority over Scotland for a sum 
of money. 

1190 Frederic subdues Cilicia, and defeats the Saracens. 



56 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1190-1212 a.d. 

1190 The Teutonic order of Knights, said by Playfair to be insti- 

tuted at Ptolemais. 

1191 The crusaders take Ptolemais. 

1192 Richard I. made prisoner by the duke of Austria, Dec. 20, 

who sells him to Henry IV. of Germany; he is ransomed 
Feb. 4, 1194, for 150,000 marks (£300,000). — Guy of Lu- 
signan elected king of Cyprus. 

1195 The Saracens from Africa invade Spain; defeat Alphonso, 

king of Castile. 

1196 The emperor, Henry VL, takes possession of N'aples and 

Sicily. — The fourth crusade. 

1197 Henry sends an army into Palestine. — William of Newburgh, 

the historian. 

1198 The fifth crusade. — The order of the Holy Trinity insti- 

tuted. 

1199 Richard I. mortally wounded at the siege of Chaluz, on March 

24. — Campanus of Lombardy, the astronomer. 

1200 The University of Salamanca, in Spain, founded. 

1201 The city of Riga, in Livonia, founded. — Roger de Hoveden 

the historian died. — War between France and England. 

1203 The sixth crusade. 

1204 Constantinople taken by the Venetians and French. — l^or- 

mandy conquered and reunited to France. — The inquisi- 
tion established. 

1207 The first towns erected into corporations in Normandy were 

those of Rouen and Falaise, this year. 

1208 Philip of Germany is assassinated, and Otho crowned sole 

emperor. — King John of England excommunicated by the 
Pope. 

1209 The works of Aristotle, imported from Constantinople, are 

condemned by the council of Paris. — The silk manufacture 
imported from Greece into Venice. 

1210 The persecution against the Albigenses. — The Emperor Otho 

excommunicated by the Pope. 

1211 The king of England subdues Wales. — Saxo-Grammaticus 

the historian. 

1212 The Christians defeat the Moors at Toulouse. — The Pope 

gives the kingdom of England to Philip of France. 



1213-1249 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 57 

1213 John surrenders his crown to the Pope's legate, Pandulph, 

May 15. — The interdict removed Dec. 6. 

1214 Battle of Bouvines, Aug. 27. 

1215 John signs Magna Charta June 15. — The order of Domini- 

cans instituted. — The order of Knights-Hosi3itallers found- 
ed. — A contest between the king and barons of England. 
— The doctrine of transubstantiation introduced. 

1216 Alexander and the kingdom of Scotland excommunicated. — 

Accursius the famous lawyer, and author of the Glosses. 

1217 Peace between England and Scotland. — The French defeated 

in the battle of Lincoln. 

1220 Astronomy and geography brought into Europe by the Moors 

about this time. 

1221 The University of Padua enlarged. 

1222 Giraldus Cambrensis dies. 

1223 All the slaves in France franchised by Louis YIII. 

1226 The king of France forms a league against the Albigensis. — 

Francis d'Assisi dies. 

1227 An expedition of all the European powers to Palestine.— 

The power of the English barons abridged. — The Tartars, 
under Genghis-kan, overrun the whole of the Saracen em- 
pire. 

1228 The University of Toulouse founded. 

1229 A treaty between the Saracens and Christians. 

1230 The kingdoms of Leon and Castile united. — The Teutonic 

knights subdue Prussia. — The University of Naples 
founded. 

1236 The first irruption of the Tartars into Russia, Poland, etc. 

1238 The University of Vienna founded. — The Tartars subject 
the Russians to the payment of tribute. 

1241 The Hanseatic league formed. — Tin mines discovered in Ger- 
many. 

1244 The Kharismians defeat the Christians and take Jerusalem. 

— The order of the Celestines instituted. 

1245 The general council of Lyons for reviewing the crusaders. 

1247 Henry III. reintroduced gold coinage. 

1248 The fifth crusade, under Louis IX. of France. 

1249 Damietta taken by Louis. 



58 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1250-1282 a. d. 

1250 Louis defeated in Egypt and taken prisoner. — Painting re- 

vived in Florence by Cimabue. — The Sorbonne in Paris 
founded. 

1251 Wales subdued, and Magna Charta confirmed. 

1254 War between Denmark and Sweden. — St. Thomas Aquinas. 
1256 The order of the Augustines founded. 

1258 The empire of the Saracens ended, by the Tartars taking 

Bagdad. — Representatives of the commons of England 
present for the first time in parliament. — John de Joinville. 

1259 The Tartars invade Poland. — Nassar Eddin the Persian as- 

tronomer and geographer. — Matthew Paris dies. 

1260 Alphonso of Spain orders all public records to be written in 

the vulgar tongue, not in Latin. 

1261 The Greek emperors recover Constantinople from the French. 

— Roger Bacon. 

1263 The Norwegians invade the western islands of Scotland. — 

Wars in England between the barons and king. 

1264 The battle of Lewes, in which Henry is taken prisoner. 

1265 The first regular representative parliament is summoned by 

Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, Jan. 20. 

1267 The police of Paris established about this time. — Cimabue, 

the first of the modern painters at Florence. 

1268 The Mussulmen gain Antioch. — The battle of Celano, in 

Italy, fatal to Conradin. — The Tartars invade China and 
expel many of the natives. 

1269 Louis's expedition to Palestine. 

1270 The king of Hungary reduced Bulgaria. 

1272 The academy of Florence founded. 

1273 The empire of the present Austrian family begins. 

1274 The first commercial treaty between England and Flanders. 
1277 The sultan of Egypt defeats the Tartars near Damascus. 

1279 King Edward relinquished his right to Normandy. — The 

mortmain act passed in England. 

1280 The sultan of Egypt defeats the Tartars near Emessa. 

1281 A revolution in Bulgaria. 

1282 Twelve thousand French massacred at the Sicilian vespers. — 

Peter, king of Arragon, seized on Sicily. — The Academy de 
la Crusca founded. 



1283-1307 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 59 

1283 Wales conquered by King Edward and united to England. — 
A new separation between the Latin and Greek churches. 

1285 The Tartars ravage Hungary, and defeat the Hungarians. — 
Alphonso of Arragon becomes master of Majorca and Mi- 
norca. 

1287 An irruption of the Tartars into Poland. 

1288 The sultan of Babylon takes Tripoli. 

1289 A great earthquake in Europe. — Albertet, the mathematician 

and proven^al poet. 

1290 The Jews banished out of England. — The University of 

Lisbon founded. 

1291 The sultan of Babylon conquered Syria. — The Latin patri- 

archs of Jerusalem ended. — A contest between Bruce and 
Baliol for the crown of Scotland. — The crusades ended. 

1293 A regular succession of parliaments in England from this 

year. 

1294 Parliaments established in Paris. 

1296 A war between England and Scotland. 

1297 The coronation chair and records of Scotland carried off by 

Edward I. 

1298 The Ottoman empire founded. — The Emperor Adolphus 

slain at the battle of Hasenseret, and his forces defeated by 
those of Albert of Austria, who thus won the imperial 
sceptre. 

1299 All earthquake in Germany. — Spectacles invented by a monk 

of Pisa. — The famous year of Jubilee instituted at Rome 
by Boniface YIII. 

1300 Edward I. invades Scotland. 

1301 The Pox^e excommunicates Philip IV., king of France. 

1302 The sultan of Egypt defeats the Tartars near Damascus. — 

The mariner's compass improved by Flavio Gioia. — The 
University of Avignon founded. 

1303 The Scots defeat three English armies in one day, near Roslin. 
1305~Sir William AVallace executed in London, Aug. 24. 

1306 The Jews banished out of France. — Edward I. of England 

invades Scotland. 

1307 Coals first used in England. — The establishment of the 

Swiss cantons. 



60 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1308-1340 a.d. 

1308 The seat of the popes removed to Avignon. — John Duns, 

called Duns Scotus, died Nov. 8. 
1310 The Knights of St. John take Rhodes and settle there. 

1312 The order of Knights Templars abolished by the council of 

Vienna. — The University of Orleans founded. — Durandus, 
bishop of Anicium. 

1313 Molay, grand master, with a number of templars, burned 

alive in Paris. 

1314 The cardinals set fire to the conclave, and separate. — Bruce 

of Scotland defeats the English in the battle of Bannock- 
burn, June 24. 

1315 Germany afflicted with famine and pestilence. — The Scots 

invade Ireland. 

1319 The University of Dublin founded. 

1320 Gold coined in Christendom. 

1321 A civil war in England. — Dante died. 

1322 The battle of Muldorf, between Frederic III. and Louis Y., 

the former being taken prisoner. 

1323 A truce between England and Scotland for 13 years. — A 

great eruption of ^Etna. 
1325 The first treaty of commerce between England and Venice. 
1327 Edward II. murdered in Berkeley castle, Sept. 21. 

1329 The battle of Mount Cassel gained by King Philip over the 

Flemings. — Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, died. 

1330 Gunpowder invented by a monk of Cologne. 

1331 The Turks take and plunder the city of Mce. — The Knights 

of the Teutonic order settle in Prussia. — The art of weav- 
ing cloth brought from Flanders into England. 

1332 The king of Poland seizes upon Silesia. — The Pope accused of 

heresy. — Mcephoras Gregoras, the astronomer and historian. 

1333 The Moors gain possession of Gibraltar. — The Scots defeated 

at Halidovvn Hill. 

1337 War between England and France. 

1338 The empire of Germany declared independent of the Pope. — 

King Edward III. begins his war against France. 

1339 The academy of Pisa founded. — Denmark desolated. 

1340 The French defeated in a sea fight by Edward III., near Hel- 

voetsluys, followed by a truce which lasted four years. — 
Coi:>per money first used in Scotland and Ireland. 



1341-1377 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. Qi 

1341 CantacTizenns usurps the Eastern Empire for 17 years. 

1342 The siege of Algiers, in which powder was used. — Edward's 

expedition to the continent. 
1344 The Madeira Islands discovered. — The Tartars invade Po- 
land and are defeated. 

1346 The battle of Cressy, between the French and English. A 

treaty of commerce between the Venetians and the sultans 
of Egypt. 

1347 The admiralty court instituted. — A code of laws published 

in Poland, and the University of Cracow founded. 

1348 The University of Prague founded (the first in Germany) by 

Charles IV. 

1349 The order of the Garter instituted in England. — A plague in 

England, Scotland, and Ireland. 

1350 The Jubilee fixed to every fiftieth year. 
1352 The Turks first enter Europe. 

1354 "The last of the Tribunes" nmrdered by the people of Eome, 

Oct. 8. 

1355 A conspiracy at Venice. — lovanni Boccacio. 

1356 The French defeated at Poictiers, and King John taken pris- 

oner. — The golden bull published. 

1357 A great sedition in France. 

1358 Tamerlane begins to reign in Persia. 

1362 The law-pleading in England changed from French to Eng- 
lish. — Janizaries established among the Turks. 

1365 The universities of Vienna and of Geneva founded. 

1366 Adrianople made the seat of the Turkish Empire. 

1369 Wickliff begins to teach in England. 

1370 Chivalry flourished about this time. — The office of grand- 

visier established. 

1371 The French defeated the English fleet near Rochelle. — The 

family of Stuart begins to reign in Scotland. 

1372 Sir John Mandeville died. 

1373 The Genoese become masters of Cyprus. 

1375 A three-years' truce between England and France, 

1376 John Froissart lived. 

1377 The French invade England. — The seat of the popes trans- 

ferred from Avignon to Rome. 



62 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1378-1398 a.d. 

1378 The schism of double popes, one at Avignon and one at 

Rome. — Greenland discovered, by a Venetian. 

1379 Civil commotions in Flanders. 

1381 Bills of exchange first used in England. — A plague in Ger- 
many. — Watt Tyler's insurrection in England. 

1383 Cannon first used in the English service, by the governor of 

Calais. 

1384 The first act of navigation in England. — Hostilities between 

England and Scotland. — John Wickliffe died. 

1385 The king of Portugal defeats the king of Castile at Aljuba- 

roba. — The ancient race of kings ended in Sweden. — • 
Mcholas Flamel lived. 

1386 Andronicus Paleologus takes Constantinople; soon retaken 

by John and Manuel. — Tamerlane subdues Georgia. — ■ 
The first company of linen weavers in England. — Death 
of Arnold von Winkelried, at the battle of Sempack, July 9. 

1387 The first lord high admiral of England appointed. — Tamer- 

lane subdues Turkestan. 

1388 Bombs invented at Venloo. — The Scots defeat the English 

at Otterburn. — Margaret of Denmark defeats the Swedes, 
and unites the crowns of Denmark and Sweden. 

1390 The sacred war in Prussia. 

1391 Cards invented for the amusement of the French king. — The 

papal power abolished in England. — The academy of St. 
Luke founded in Paris. 

1392 Annats established. — The Jews banished out of Germany. — 

Cape of Good Hope discovered by the Portuguese. — 
Emanuel Chrysoloras. 

1393 The Turks ravage Walachia. — The doctrine of Huss propa- 

gated in Bohemia. 

1391 The Jews banished out of France. — Leonard Aretin, secre- 
tary of Florence. 

1395 Bajazet defeats the Christians at Nicopolis, and subdues the 
Bulgarians. 

1397 The union of Denmark, Sweden, and ISTorway, at Calmar. — 

Owen Glendour lived. 

1398 A rebellion in Ireland. — "Dukes first created in Scotland. — 

Tamerlane penetrates into Hindoostan and takes Delhi. 



1399-M26 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 63 

1399 Tamerlane becomes master of Novogorod. — Richard IT. de- 

posed. 

1400 War between England and Scotland. — Tamerlane invades 

Asia Minor with a great army. — Geoffrey Chancer dies. 

1401 The Emperor Rnpert invades Italy, and is repulsed. — Tam- 

erlane becomes master of Bagdad. 

1402 Tamerlane defeats Bajazet and takes him prisoner ; he dies 

the following year. — John Gower dies. 

1403 The battle of Shrewsbury ; rebellion of the Percies. 

1405 Great guns first used in England at the siege of Berwick. — 

The Canary Islands discovered by Bethencourt, a l^orman. — 
•Tamerlane dies. — Execution of Scrope, archbishop of York, 
for treason, June 8 ; the first instance in England of capital 
punishment inflicted on a bishop. 

1406 Leonard Aretin lived. 

1407 France laid under an interdict. — Huss propagates his opin- 

ions. — Balthazar Cossa becomes master of Rome. 

1409 The Lollards multiplied in England. — The council of Pisa. 

1410 Painting in oil color invented at Burges by John Vaneyck. 

— A civil war in France. 

1411 The University of St. Andrews in Scotland founded. — War 

between King Ladislaus and the Pope. 

1412 Algebra brought from Arabia into Europe about the begin- 

ning of this century. 

1414 The council of Constance begins, and lasts four years, in 

which two popes voluntarily submitted to deposition. 

1415 John Huss condemned, and executed at Constance July 7. — 

Henry of England invades Normandy. — The battle of 
Agincourt, Oct. 25. 

1417 Henry's second expedition into Normandy. — Paper made of 

linen rags invented. 

1418 The massacre of the Armagnac faction in Paris. — Poggio 

the Florentine lived. 

1420 The treaty of Troyes signed. — The battle of Beauge, in 

which the duke of Clarence is killed. 

1421 The revenue of England amounts to £55,754. 
1424 Zisca died Oct. 12. 

1426 An earthquake at Naples. 



64 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1427-1452 a.d. 

1427 The academy of Louvain founded. 

1428 The siege of Orleans is begun, and repulsed by Joan of Arc. 

1429 The battle of Herrings. — Francis Philelphus lived. 

1431 A great earthquake at Lisbon. — Henry lY., king of England, 
crowned king of France. — Joan of Arc burned as a sor- 
ceress at Rouen, May 30. — Geo. Trapezuntius. 

1433 G. Gemistius Pletho lived. 

1434 A civil war in Sweden. — Cosmo de Medici recalled from ban- 

ishment, which began the rise of that family in Florence. 

1435 The treaty of Arras between Charles II. and the duke of Bur- 

gundy. 

1436 Paris retaken by the French- — Laurentius Valla lived. 

1437 An expedition of the Portuguese into Africa. — The Turks 

invade Hungary. 

1439 The reunion of the Greek and Latin churches. — The Prao- 

matic sanction settled in France. 

1440 The art of printing invented at Mentz. 

1441 John Faustus. 

1442 The Turks invade Hungary. — Peter Schseffer. 

1444 Famine in Sweden. — Truce between France and England at 
Tours. — Charles II. instituted the first standing army in 
Europe. — Wesselus. 

1446 The sea breaks in upon Dort and drowns 100,000 persons. — 

Frederic declares w^ar against the Swiss. 

1447 The Visconti family ends in Milan ; succeeded by the Sf orzas. 

— The Turks defeated by Scanderbeg. 

1448 The house of Oldenburgh begins to reign in Denmark. — 

Sweden separated from Denmark. — Contest between the 
house of York and that of Lancaster. — The Yatican at 
Pome founded. 

1449 War between England and France. — Geo. Purbachius. 

1450 The battle of Fourmigni. — Building of St. Peter's com- 

menced by Pojoe Nicholas Y. — Gutenburg first used cut 
metal types in printing the Mazarin Bible. — Jack Cade 
died July 11. 

1451 The English evacuate Rouen and other parts of France. — 

War between Sweden and Denmark. 

1452 Cardinal Bessarion. 



1453-1477 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 65 

1453 Constantinople taken by the Turks, which terminates the 

Greek empire. — The English government in France ends. 

1454 A conspiracy in Rome against the Pope. — The Prussians and 

Poles war agamst the Teutonic Knights. — Thomas a 
Kempis. 

1455 The battle of St. Albans. 

1456 A great earthquake at Naples. — The Turks repulsed at the 

siege of Belgrade. — John Hunniades dies. 

1457 Glass first manufactured in Enoland. — Joannes Argyropulus. 

14.58 The Turks take Corinth. — A sedition in England. 

14.59 The arts of engraving and etching invented. — Alphonso's 

first expedition into Africa. 

1460 Alum mines discovered in Italy. 

1461 King Edward defeats King Henry at Towton. 

1462 An expedition of the Turks into Walachia. — Regular posts 

established in France. — The first book printed, viz., the 
Yulgate Bible, in two volumes. — Baptista Platina. 

1483 AVar between the Turks and Venetians. — Alphonso's second 
expedition into Afi-ica. 

1464 The league against Louis XI. of France. 

1466 The second book printed, viz., Cicero de Officiis. 

1467 Sheep from England first permitted to be sent to Spain. 

1468 Warwick's conspiracy against Edward lY. 

1469 The order of St. ISIichael instituted. — Cardinal Balue im- 

prisoned by Louis XL, and confined in an iron cage of his 
own invention for 11 years. 

1470 King Edward attainted, and King Henry VI. restored. 

1471 Edward restored. — The battle of Tewskbury. — The earl of 

Warwick, " the king maker," killed at the battle of Barnet, 
April 14. 

1472 War between the Turks and Parthians. — John Lascaris. 

1473 The study of the Greek language introduced into France by 

Gregorius Tiphernas. — Copernicus born; died 1543. 

1474 The Cape de Verd Islands discovered by the Portuguese. 

1475 The treaty of Amiens. 

1476 Ferdinand of Castile defeats the king of Portugal. 

1477 Charles the bold, duke of Burgundy, slain at the battle of 

Xancy. 



\ 



7^ 



66 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1478-1498 a.d. 

1478 Lorenzo de Medici expelled from Florence. — Peace between 

France and Castile. 

1479 The University of Upsal founded. — The kingdoms of Castile 

and Arragon united. 

1480 The Turks besiege Rhodes. 

1481 A great famine in France. — Savonarola. 

1482 The coast of Guinea discovered by the Portuguese. — A court 

of inquisition erected at Seville. — »Io. Picus, of Mirandola. 

1483 A conspiracy in England against Richard. — Post horses and 

stages established . — Murder of Edward V. and the duke of 
York in the tower, in August. 

1485 Luther born Nov. 10 ; died 1546. — Richard III. slain at the 

battle of Bosworth Field. — Famine and pestilence raged in 
Denmark. 

1486 War between the sultan of Egypt and the Turks. — The Rus- 

sians subdue the kingdom of Casan. — Brazil discovered. 
— Angelo Politian. 

1487 The court of Star-Chamber instituted in England. 

1488 The French king defeats the duke of Brittany. 

1489 Maps and charts brought into England. — An earthquake at 

Constantinople. — Cyprus ceded to the Venetians. — Wil- 
liam Mantuanus. 

1492 America discovered by Columbus. — Brittany reunited to the 
French crown. — Isle of St. Domingo discovered. — Ferdi- 

nand expelled the Moors from Granada, after a possession 
of about 800 years. 

1493 Montserrat discovered. — Jo. Reuchlin introduced the Hebrew 

and Greek languages into Germany. 

1494 Poyning's act passes in Ireland. 

1495 The king of France seized on the kingdom of TsTaples. — Al- 

gebra taught by a friar at Venice. — The diet of Worms. — 
A treaty of commerce between Henry VII. and Philip, duke 
of Burgundy. 

1496 The Jews and Moors banished out of Portugal. 

1497 North America discovered by Americus Vesputius. — Vas- 
quez di Gama's expedition to the East Indies. 

1498 The Walachians ravage Poland. — Torquemada, grand mqui- 

sitor of Spain, dies ; during the term of his administration 
10,220 individuals were burned alive. 



1498-1517 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 67 

1498 Savonarola burned at Florence. 

1499 War between the Turks and the Venetians. — Louis XII. 

takes possession of the Milanese. 
-jU-oOO Florida discovered by John Cabot. — Maximilian divides the 

empire into six circles. — A great plague in England. 
.^1501 State inquisitors established at Venice. — Ishmael Sophi he- 
' gins to reign in Persia. — Louis of France and Ferdinand 

of Castile seize on the kingdom of Naples. — Printing in- 
troduced in Scotland. 
1.502 St. Helena discovered. — Gonsalvo called the great captain. 

1503 The battle of Cerignole, which finished the French power in 

Naples. 

1504 King Henry VIL built a' chapel at Westminster abbey. — 

Gawin Douglas. 

1505 Shillings first coined in England. 

1506 The academy of Frankfort-on-the-Oder founded. — Ceylon 

discovered. 

1507 Louis reduced the Genoese to subjection. — Madagascar dis- 

covered. 
1.508 The league of Cambray. — Budfeus of Paris. 

1509 The battle of Aignadel. — The expedition of Ximenes to the 

coast of Barbary. 

1510 The Pope grants to Ferdinand the investiture of Naples. 

1511 Cuba conquered by the Spaniards. — A league between the 

Pope and the Venetians against the French. — Philip de 
Commines dies. 

1512 The battle of Ravenna. — The river De la Plata discovered. — 

Erasmus. 
>> 1513 War between Scotland and England. — The battle of Navarre. 
— The battle of the Spurrs. — The battle of Flodden. — 
Sannazarius of Naples. 

1514 Cannon bullets of stone still in use. — War between the 

Ottoman empire and Persia. 

1515 The first Polyglot Bible prhited. — Ferdinand annexed Na- 

varre to Castile. — Cornelius Agrippa. 
-44516 Barbarossa seizes the kingdom of Algiers. — War between 
* the Turks and Persians. — The treaty of Noyon. 

1517 The reformation begun in Germany by Luther. 



38 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1517-1531 a.d. 

1517 The Turks terminate the kingdom of the Mamelukes in 

Egypt. — Five books of the Annals of Tacitus found. 

1518 New Spain and the Straits of Magellan discovered. 

1519 Francis I. and Charles V. competition for the imperial throne. 

— Cardinal Bembo of Venice. 

1520 The confederacy of the Holy Junta formed in Spain. — Pope 

Leo X. issued a bull condemning the doctrine of Luther, 
June 15; Luther burned the bull Dec. 11. — Raphael died. 

1521 A league between the emperor and Henry VIII. against Fran- 

cis I. — The second diet of Worms. — The Turks take Bel- 
grade. — A conspiracy of the king of Sweden against the 
nobility. — The title of " Defender of the Faith " conferred 
on Henry VIII. — Copernicus of Thorn in Prussia. 

1522 The Turks take Rhodes. 

1523 A league formed against Francis I. by the Pope, the emperor, 

the Venetians, etc. — Paracelsus. 

1524 Clement Marot. 

1525 The battle of Pavia, Feb. 24, in which Francis I. was made 

Xorisoner. — Sir Thomas More, lord chancellor. 

1526 The treaty of Madrid. — The inquisition established in Por- 

tugal. — The Pope, Venetians, and French form a league 
against the emperor. — Lutherism established in Denmark. 

— Paul eJovius. — The first diet of Spires. 

1527 War between the Pope and the Viceroy of Naples. — The 

Pope's territories invaded by the army of Charles V., and 
Rome taken and plundered. — Bermuda Isles discovered. — 
Francis Rabelais. 

1528 Popery abolished in Sweden. — Francis challenges the emperor 

to single combat. — A new form of government established 
in Genoa by Andrew Doria. 

1529 The second diet of Spires, from which the name of "Protes- 

tants " begins. — The peace of Cambray. — The Turks be- 
siege Vienna and are repulsed. 

1530 The diet of Augsburg. — The union of the Protestants at 

Smalcaid. — The secretary of state's office instituted in 
England. — Cardinal Wolsey died. 

1531 Post offices in England. — A great earthquake at Lisbon. — 

Hieronymus Vida lived. 



1532-1546 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 69 

1532 The court of sessions instituted in Scotland. — Peace between 

the emperor and German princes. 

1533 Papal authority abolished in England. — An insurrection of 

the Anabaptists in Westphalia. 

1534 Barbarossa seizes the kingdom of Tunis. — Julius Csesar 

Scaliger. 

1535 Expedition of Charles V. into Africa ends. — The society of 

the Jesuits formed by Ignatius Loyola. — Archbishop 
Cranmer. 

1536 Expedition of James, king of Scotland, into France. — A 

league between Solyman and Francis against Charles V. — 
John Leland. — Anne Boleyn beheaded, May 19. 

1537 Fracastorius. 

1538 A truce concluded at I^ice between Charles and Francis. — 

Peter Aretin. 

1539 A rebellion at Ghent, which occasions Charles V. to pass 

through France. — The Bible printed in England. — 645 
monasteries and religious houses suppressed in England 
and Wales. 

1540 The variation of the compass discovered by Sebastian Cabot. 

The order of Knights of St. John abolished. — The las 
Cromwell, earl of Essex, beheaded July 28. 

1541 Solyman reduced Hungary. — Charles V. besieged Algiers. — 

Pizarro assassinated by Juan de Herrada. 

1542 A treaty between Solyman and Francis T. against Charles Y. 

— The English invade Scotland. — Catherine Howard be- 
headed, Feb. 12. 

1543 Iron cannon and mortars made in England. — A league. be- 

tween Henry and Charles Y. against Francis I. — Pins 
brought from France, and first used in England. 

1544 The battle of Cerisoles. — The crown of Sweden declared to 

be hereditary. — A treaty of peace between the emperor 
and Francis I. at Cressy. — The reformed religion author- 
ized in Sweden. — Iron first cast in England. 

1545 Civil commotions in Scotland. — The Council of Trent begins, 

and continues until 1563. — IS^eedles first made in England. 

— Conrad Gesner lived. 

1546 A league between the Pope and the emperor against the 

Protestants. — Socinianism sprung up in Italy. 



70. HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1547-1552 a. d. 

1547 A conspiracy against tlie government at Genoa. — The in- 

terest of money settled at 10 per cent, in England. — Fer- 
nando Cortes died. 

1548 War between the Tnrks and Persians. — The Reformation 

advances in Poland. — Jo. Genesius de Sepulveda, restorer 
of learning in Spain. 

1550 The eldest sons of peers first permitted to sit in the House of 

Commons. — Iron bullets first used in England. 

1551 A league between Hemy II. and Maurice, duke of Saxony, 

against the emperor. — Annibal Caro lived. 

1552 The treaty of Passau between Charles and the Protestants. — 

Books of astronomy and geometry destroyed in England, 
under a charge of magic. — The Book of Common Prayer 
confirmed by act of parliament. — The corsair Dragut de- 
feated by Doria before ISTaxoles. — The duke of Somerset 
beheaded, Jan. 22. 

1553 Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England, eluly 10 ; re- 

linquished the title, July 19. — Calvin caused Servetus to 
be burned to death, as a heretic, at Geneva, Oct. 27. 

1554 The French invade the Low Countries. — The Russians sub- 
)jj due Astracan. — Execution of Lady Jane Grey and Lord 

Dudley, Feb. 12. 

1555 Religious peace established in Germany, Sept. 25. — JMartyr- 

dom of Ridley and Latimer, Oct, 16. 

1556 The Turks ravage Corsica. — Charles V. of Germany abdi- 

cated in favor of Ferdinand. — Burning of Cranmer, March 
21. — Loyola died. 

1557 Philip defeats the French at St. Quintin. 

1558 The reformed religion authorized in England. — Loss of 

Calais, the last English possession in France. 

1559 The tranquillity of Europe restored. — Death of Henry XL in 

consequence of a wound received at a tournament. 

1560 The conspiracy at Amboise begins the civil wars in France. 

— A treaty between Elizabeth and the Protestants. 

1561 The discord between Elizabeth and Mary commences. — Queen 

Mary arrives in Scotland. — Livonia ceded to Poland. 

1562 The battle of Dreux, in which the Duke of Guise defeated 

the Prince of Conde. 



1563-1581 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 71 

1563 War between Sweden and Denmark. — The Escurial in Spain 

built. — The slave trade begun in England. 

1564 Peace between France and England. — The name of Puritans 

■first used in England. — Shakespeare born, and died 1616. 

1565 The revolt of the Low Countries. — The Turks attack Malta. 

— Tintoret. 

1566 The Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England estab- 

lished. — The Tartars ravage Hungary. 

1567 The duke of Alva arrived in the IsTetherlands, and established 

the council of blood. — Murder of Lord Darnley. — The 
battle of St. Denis, between the Prince of Conde and Mont- 
morency. — Civil commotions in Sweden. 

1568 Queen Mary defeated in the battle of Glasgow; retires into 

England, and is imprisoned. — The Moors in Spain revolt. 

— Execution of the Counts Egmont and Horn at Brussels, 
June 5. 

1569 The battle of Moncontour, between the duke of Anjou and 

the Huguenots. 

1570 A league against the Ottoman Porte. — The peace of Ger- 

main-en-Laye, in favor of the Huguenots. — The regent 
Murray assassinated by Bothwellhaugh. 

1571 Cyi^rus taken by the Turks. — The battle of Lepanto. 

1572 The massacre of St. P)artholomew, the Protestants of Paris. — 

The Netherlands revolt under William of Orange. — John 
Knox died. 

1573 War in France against the Protestants. 

1574 Sebastian of Portugal makes an expedition into Africa. 

1576 The league begins, and the Protestants allowed the exercise 

of their religion in France. — A civil war ensues. 

1577 Drake undertakes a voyage aromid the world. 

1578 The first treaty of alliance between England and the states- 

general. — War between Persia and the Ottoman Porte. — 
The Moors defeat the Portuguese at Alcasar. 

1579 Sir Francis Drake discovered gold in California. — The union 

of Utrecht, which begins the republic of Holland. 

1580 Philip of Spain seizes the kingdom of Portugal. 

1581 An edict of the L^nited Provinces against Philip. — Copper 

money introduced into France. 



72 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1582-1C03 a.d. 

1582 The Julian calendar reformed by Pope Gregory. 

1583 Tlie first proposal of settling a colony in America. 

1584 William of Orange assassinated by Balthazar Gerard, at 

Delft. — Cape Breton discovered; 

1585 Drake takes Carthagenia. — Greenland discovered. — Coaches 

first used in England. — The treaty of Nonsuch. 

1586 Babington's conspiracy. — Cavendish's first voyage to circum- 

navigate the world. — Sir Philip Sidney died, Oct. 17. 

1587 Execution of Mary Queen of Scots, at Frothingay castle, Feb. 

8. — The battle of Coutras. 

1588 The Spanish Armada destroyed. — First newspaper in Eng- 

land. — The duke of Guise assassinated in France. — Bomb- 
shells invented at Venloo. 

1589 Henry III. assassinated by eJacques Clement, Aug. 2. — Peace 

between the Turks and Persians. 

1590 Telescopes invented by Jansen, in Germany. — The art of 

weaving stockings invented by Lee. — The battle of Ivry. 

1591 The University of Dublin erected. — Tea first brought into 

Europe. 

1593 Bothwell's conspiracy against King James. — A great plague 

in London. 

1594 The Jesuits expelled from France. 

1595 Mendana and Quiros make discoveries in the Pacific ocean. — 

The Russians make the first discoveries in Siberia. — Tor- 
quato Tasso died, April 25. 

1596 Calais taken by the Spaniards. — The English take Cadiz. — 

A treaty of England, France, and Holland against Spain. 

1597 Watches brought to England from Germany. — The Turks 

invade Hungary. 

1598 Tyrone's insurrection in Ireland. — Tne edict of Nantes, 

April 13. — The peace of Vervins. 

1599 Spenser died, Jan. 10. 

1600 Gowrie's conspiracy. — English East India Company estab- 

lished. — St. Helena first possessed by England. 

1601 Lord Chancellor Bacon. 

1602 Byron's conspiracy. — Decimal arithmetic invented at Bruges. 

1603 A league between France and England. — The crowns of 

England and Scotland united. 



1()04-1G21 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 73 

1604 Peace concluded between England and Spain. — The French 

establish a colony in Canada. 

1605 Gunpowder plot, Nov. 5. 

1607 Hudson's Bay discovered. 

1608 Colonies sent from England to Virginia. 

1609 The independence of the United Provinces acknowledged. 

1610 War between Russia and Poland. — Thermometers invented 

by Drebbel, a Dutchman. — The Moors banished out of 
Spain. — Henry I Y. of France assassinated by Ravaillac. 

1611 War between Denmark and Sweden. — An earthquake at 

Constantinople. — Peace concluded between the Turks and 
Persians. — The last victims of heresy burned at the stake 
by the bishops of London and Litchfield, at London. 

1612 The English unsuccessfully attempt to discover a northern 

passage to China. 

1613 Peace concluded between Denmark and Sweden. 

1614 Logarithms invented by Baron Xapier of Scotland. — A British 

colony established in Virginia. 

1615 Peace between the Turks and the Imperialists. — The Jews 

ordered to leave France. 

1616 A civil war in France. — King James restores Flushing, the 

Brille, etc., to the Dutch. — Cape Horn first sailed around. 
Shakespeare died, April 23. — Cervantes died, April 23. 

1618 Peace concluded between Poland and Russia. — A horrible 

conspiracy at Venice detected. — The battle of Ardeville 
between the Tm^ks and Persians. — The synod of Dort. — 
Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded. 

1619 The circulation of the blood discovered by Harvey. — A war 

of thirty years commences in Germany. — Execution of 
John Barneveldt. — " House of Burgesses," the first repre- 
sentative body in America, convened at Jamestown. 

1620 The English make a settlement at Madras. — Copper money 

first used in England. — The island of Barbadoes discovered. 
— The Bohemians defeated by the Imperialists at Prague. — 
Navarre united to France. — Coining with a die first used 
in England. — The Plymouth colonists landed at Plymouth, 
Mass., December 21. 

1621 War between Spain and Holland renewed. — A civil war in 



74 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1622-1634 a. d. 

France with the Huguenots. — War between Poland and the 
Ottoman Porte. — The Dutch establish the settlement of 
Batavia. — The two parties of Whigs and Tories formed. — 
The impeachment of Lord Bacon. 

1622 Heidelberg taken by the Emperor, and its famous library sent 

to Rome. — The first daily newspaper published, May 23, 
bearing the title of "The Certaine News of the Present 
Week." 

1623 The English factory massacred by the Dutch at Amboyna. — 

Sir Henry Spelman. 

1624 The Dutch defeat the Spanish fleet near Lima. — The Turks 

besiege Bagdad. 

1625 A plague in England. — James I. dies at Theobald's. — Discord 

between Charles I. and the House of Commons. — The first 
English settlement in the West Indies. — Peace between 
Ferdinand of Hungary and the Sultan. 

1626 Peace between the Huguenots and the king of France. — War 

renewed the following year. — A league against the Emperor. 

1627 War between England and France. 

1628 The Turks invade Persia. — The duke of Buckingham mur- 

dered. — llochelle taken. — The Massachusetts Bay colonists 
(Puritans) entered Salem harbor, Sept. 16. 

1629 Charles I. dissolves the English Parliament. — Peace between 

Germany and Denmark. — The edict of pacification at 
Nismes. — A truce between Sweden and Poland. — Gustavus 
Adolphus enters Germany. — Peace between France and 
England. — Bahama Isles discovered. 

1630 Gazettes first published in Venice. — The treaty of Stockholm. 

— War between Spain and Germany. — The Turks invade 
Poland. — Kepler died, Nov. 15. 

1631 A treaty made between France and Sweden. 

1632 War between the Danes and Swedes, and between the Swedes 

and the Imperialists. — Gustavus Adolphus slain at the 
battle of Lutzen, Nov. 16, — A great eruption of Vesuvius. 

— Antigua settled by the English. 

.1633 Galileo condemned by the inquisition at Rome. — Anthony 

Vandyck. 
1634 War between Poland and Prussia. — Assassination of Wallen- 

stein, Feb. 25. 



1635-1648 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 75 

1635 The French Academy established at Paris. — A war between 

France and Spain. — A treaty between France and Holland. 

— Regular posts established in Great Britain. 

1636 A treaty between Louis XIII. and the queen of Sweden. — 

A truce between Poland and Sweden. 

1637 The Scots withdraw their allegiance from Charles I. — The 

polemoscope invented by Helvetius. — A league between 
Spain and Denmark against Sv\'eden. — An insurrection of 
the Protestants in Hungary. — The trial of Hampden, 
June 12. 

1638 The Turks take Bagdad. — The Solemn League and Cove- 

nant in Scotland. — Petavius. — Harvard College founded. 

1640 The Scots invade England. — A conference between the Eng- 

lish and Scots at llipon. — The duke of Braganza recovers 
Portugal. — The Long Parliament. 

1641 The earl of Strafford beheaded, May 12. — The massacre of 

the Protestants in Ireland. 
1042 Peace between the Lnperialists and the Turks. — Attempt of 
Charles to seize the five members in the House of Com- 
mons, January 4 ; and defeat of Charles at Edgehill. — Sal- 
niasius. 

1643 Bristol surrendered to Prince Eupert. — The first battle of 

N'ewbury. — The Tartars invade China, and effect a revo- 
lution. — The Royal Academy of Painting founded by 
Louis XIV. — Barometers invented by Torricelli. — Wal- 
ler's plot in England detected. — Nicholas Poussin. 

1644 The Swedes defeat the Imperialists in Bohemia. — The battle 

of Marston Moor, July 2. 

1645 War between the Turks and the Venetians. — Charles I. 

totally defeated at JSTaseby, June 14. — Peace between 
Denmark and Sweden. — The first code of Russian laws 
published. — Due de Rochefoucault. — Laud beheaded, 
January 10. 
1648 Paul Scarron. 

1647 Charles I. delivered up by the Scots. — Two revolts in Naples. 

— Henry Hammond. 

1648 The treaties of Westphalia signed, which ended the Thirty 

Years' War. — Thomas Hobbes. 



76 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1649-1661 A. d. 

1649 Trial of Charles L, January 20 ; sentenced to death, January 

27 ; beheaded, January 30. — The government of England 
as a commonwealth. — A league between Denmark and the 
United Provinces. — Galileo first applied the pendulum to 
clocks. 

1650 Cromwell defeats the Scots. — Descartes died, February 11. 

1651 The battle of Worcester, in which Cromwell defeats Charles 

II. — The Quakers appear in England. — The Venetians 
defeat the Turkish fleet near Scio. — Dr. John Wallis. 

1652 War between the English and Dutch begins. — Van Tromp 

defeats the English fleet in the Downs. — A colony estab- 
lished by the Dutch at the Cape of Good Hope. — Chancel- 
lor Seguier. 

1653 Cromwell dissolves the Long Parliament, April 20. — The 

English defeat the Dutch fleet on the coast of Flanders ; 
and again near the Texel. — Cromwell proclaimed Pro- 
tector, December 16. 

1654 Peace between England and Holland signed. — The air pump 

invented by Otto Guericke. — Admiral Blake. 

1655 The English, under Admiral Penn, take possession of Ja- 

maica. — Blake attacks Tunis. — The Venetians defeat the 
Turkish fleet at the Dardanelles. — Peace between England 
and France. — War between Sweden and Poland. 

1656 A treaty between the king of Sweden and the elector of 

Brandenburg. — W^ar declared by England against Spain. 

1657 War between Sweden and Denmark. — Peter Corneille. 

1658 Turenne, after having defeated the Spaniards, takes Dunkirk, 

and the city is delivered to the English. — Admiral de 
Ruyter. 

1659 Richard Cromwell resigned the title of Lord Protector May 

13. — The peace of Pyrenus between France and Spain. — 
Du Cange. 

1660 Peace between Sweden and Denmark. — The restoration of 

Charles II. — The peace of Oliva between Sweden, Poland, 
and the Empire. — The king of Denmark declared absolute 
and the throne hereditary. — Algernon Sidney. 

1661 A treaty between the Dutch and Portuguese. — A treaty of 

commerce between Great Britain and Sweden. — Bombay 
yielded to the English. — Cardinal Mazarin died. 



16G2-1672 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 77 

1662 Dunkirk restored to the French. — The Royal Society estab- 

lished. — Pascal died, Aug. 19. 

1663 The Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres estab- 

lished at Paris. — Tlie Portuguese defeated the Spaniards 
near Evora. — The Turks took N^euhasel, in Hungary. — 
Prussia declared to be independent of Poland. 

1664 War between the English and Dutch. — A treaty between Iho 

French king and the Pope, at Pisa. — The battle of St. 
Godart. — English clergy resigned the power of taxing 
themselves. — The great plague. 

1665 War between France and England. — The English defeated 

the Dutch fleet near Harwich. — The magic lantern invented 
by Kircher. — The Portuguese defeated the Spaniards at 
Villa Yiciosa. 
1636 The great fire of London, Sept. 2, which consumed 13,200 
houses, etc. — A settlement in Antigua by the English. — 
War declared between England and Denmark. — The 
Academy of Sciences established in France. — Giles Menage. 

1667 A treaty of commerce between Great Britain and Spain. — 

The peace of Breda. — War renewed between France and 
Spain. 

1668 A commercial treaty between Great Britain and Holland. — 

The triple alliance of Great Britain, Sweden, and the 
States-General, against France. — The peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, between France and Spain. 

1669 Candia taken by the Turks. — The commercial treaty between 

Great Britain and Savoy. 

1670 Charles II. betrayed his country to France. — Commercial 

treaty between Great Britain and Denmark. — Peace of 
Madrid, between Great Britain and Spain. — Peace between 
the duke of Savoy and the republic of Venice. — Sir 
Christopher Wren. 

1671 Isaac Barrow. 

1672 War declared by France against Holland. — England declares 

war against Holland. — War between the Turks and Poles. 

— A treaty between the Em2:)ire and Holland against 
France. — Louis XIV. overruns a great part of Holland. 

— The Prince of Orange is made Stadth older, and J. do 
Wit put to death. 



78 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1673-1683 a.d. 

1673 The English and French defeat the Dutch fleet. — France 

declares war against Spain. — Moliere died Feb. 17. 

1674 A treaty between Great Britain, Holland, and Spain. — 

Sicily revolted from Spain. — The first establishment of 
the French in the East Indies. — The Academy of Soissons 
established. — Turenne defeats the Imperialists at Mul- 
hausen and at Tm^keim. — A treaty between Great Britain 
and Holland. — John Milton died, set. 67 years. 

1675 A conference at Mmeguen. — War between Sweden and 

Denmark. — Turenne opposed by Montecuculi. — A treaty 
between Great Britain and Holland. — Robert Boyle. 

1676 Carolina planted by English merchants. — France declares 

war against Denmark. — The Boyal Observatory at Green- 
wich built. — Sir Matthew Hale died. 

1677 A commercial treaty between Great Britain and France. — 

The Protestants revolt in Hungary. — M. de jSTavailles 
defeats the Sj^aniards several times. — The micrometer 
invented by Kirch. 

1678 The defensive alliance of Westminster, between Great Britain 

and Holland. — The peace of Mmeguen, between France 
and Holland. — Peace between France and Spain. — The 
Tartars attack the Russians. — The Popish plot. 

1679 " Habeas Corpus " Act passed May 27. — The words 

"Whig" and "Tory" first used, in their application to 
the English factions. — The peace of Mmeguen, between 
France and Germany. — Peace between Sweden and Den- 
mark. — The Meal-tub plot. — An engagement between 
the English and Moors, which lasted eleven days, at 
Tangier. 

1680 Anatomy of plants made known by Grew. — Charles XI. 

declared absolute by the States of Sweden. — Lord Strafford 
beheaded. 

1681 Contests between the king of England and parliament. — 

Sir George Mackenzie. 

1682 The Eoyal Academy of Nismes established. — Sir Thomas 

Browne died. 

1683 The Eye-house plot. — Vienna besieged by the Turks, but 

they are compelled to retire, Sept. 12. — Lord Russell be- 
headed. — Philadelphia founded. 



1684^1095 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 79 

1684 A truce between France and Spain. — A league between 

Venice and Poland against the Turks. — The duke of 
Lorraine defeated 150,000 Turks at Weitzen. — Racine. 

1685 Rebellion of the duke of Monmouth, and the battle of Sedge- 

moor; Monmouth beheaded, July 15. — Jeffreys held the 
Bloody Assizes, and hanged 320 persons. — The edict of 
ISTantes revoked, Oct. 22. — Charles II. dies. 
1086 The Newtonian philosophy published. — An embassy from 
the king of Siam to Louis XIV. — The grand alliance 
against France, at Vienna. — A convention of Great Britain 
and Holland against France. — The league of Augsburg 
against France. 

1688 Trial of the seven bishops, June 29, 30. — Landing of the 

Prince of Orange, Nov. 5. — James II. fled from England, 
Dec. 22. — Smyrna destroyed by an earthquake. — A revo- 
lution in Siam. — John Bunyan died. 

1689 The Bill of Rights passed. — William IIL and Mary pro- 

claimed. — James II. landed in Ireland. — The emperor de- 
clares war against France. — France declares war against 
Spain and England. — The grand alliance concluded at 
Vienna. — Episcopacy abolished in Scotland. — Falkland 
Islands discovered. — A treaty between Russia and China. 

1690 King William defeats James II. at the Boyne. — Edward Stil- 

lingfleet, bishop of Worcester. 

1691 The congress at the Hague, January. — Limerick surrenders, 

which finishes the war in Ireland A treaty of union be- 
tween Sweden and Denmark. — Richard Baxter died. 

1692 The English national debt commenced. — The sea-fight off 

La Hogue. — The French besiege Namur, and take it. — The 
massacre of Glencoe, in Scotland. — The duchy of Hanover 
made the ninth electorate of the empire. — Earthquakes in 
England, and also in Jamaica. 

1693 The French defeat the English and the Dutch fleets off Cape 

Vincent. — Luxembourg defeats the allies at Laniden. — 
Bossuet, bishop of Meaux. 

1694 The Bank of England incorporated. — Queen Mary dies. — 

Mad. de Maintenon. 

1695 War between the allies and the Ottoman Porte. — The allies 



80 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [169G-1704 a.d. 

take Xamur. — Casal taken by the duke of Savoy. — Nicho- 
las Malebranche. 

1696 The assassination plot discovered. — Peter I., czar of Mus- 

covy, takes Azoph. — Cassini. 

1697 The treaty of Ryswick, Sept. 20, between Great Britain and 

France, France and Holland, France and Spain, France 
and the empire. 

1698 The first treaty of partition, between France, Great Britain, 

and Holland. — James Gronovius. 

1699 The peace of Carlowitz. — The Scots attempt to settle on the 

coast of Darien. — A league between Denmark, Poland, 
and Bussia, against Sweden. — Dr. W. Lloyd, bishop of 
Worcester. 

1700 The Spanish monarchy transferred to the house of Bourbon. 

— The second treaty of partition. — A treaty between Den- 
mark, Sweden, and Plolstein. — The Sw^edes defeat the 
Russians at Narva. — Yale College founded. 

1701 War of the Spanish Succession begins, and continues thirteen 

years. — The first king of Prussia crowned. — An academy 
of sciences founded at Berlin. — An alliance between Ger- 
many, England, and Holland, against France. — A league 
between France, Spain, and Portugal, against the allies. 

— Dryden dies. 

1702 A comet appeared. — War declared in England, Germany, 

and Holland, against France. — Landau surrendered to the 
Imperialists. — The French, under Venloo, surrender to the 
allies. — The English and Dutch destroy the French fleet, 
etc., in the port of Vigo. — The French send colonies to the 
Mississippi. — King William III. died. 

1703 Portugal cedes to the league against France and Spain. — 

The foundation of Petersburg laid. — A dreadful tempest 
in England. — Godfrey William Liebnitz. 

1704 Gibraltar taken by Admiral Rooke. — The battle of Hochstet 

or Blenheim, in which the French are defeated by the allies. 

— Narva taken by the czar of Muscovy. — The sea-fight off 
Malaga, in which the English defeat the French fleet. — 
Landau taken by the allies. — Huet, bishop of Avranche. — 
John Locke died. 



1705-1718 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 81 

1705 Prince Eugene defeated at Cassano by the duke of Vendome. 

— The English reduce Barcelona. — Sir Godfrey Kneller. 

1706 The duke of Marlborough defeats the French at Ramillies, 

and afterwards takes Brussels, Bruges, Ghent, Ostend, etc. 

— The allies become masters of Carthagena, June 13. — 
Prince Eugene defeats the French at Turin. — Peace between 
Sweden and Poland. 

1707 Union of Scotland with England, May 1. —A treaty between 

the emperor and the king of Sweden. — The emperor 
seizes Naples. 

1708 The French defeated at Oudenarde. — The JMuscovites de- 

feated by the king of Sw.eden. — Minorca taken by General 
Stanhope. 

1709 A famine in France. — The Russians defeat the Swedes at 

Pultowa. — The allies take Tournay. — Dr. R. Bentlej^ 

1710 Secheverel's riots. — Douay taken by Marlborough and 

Eugene. — The Spaniards defeated at Almenara, and again 
at Saragossa. — The English defeated by the duke de Ven- 
dome. — The Spaniards again defeated at Staremberg. 

1711 War between Russia and Turkey; a battle of three days 

between the Turks and Russians. 

1712 Negotiations for a general peace began at Utrecht, 

1713 Peace between the allies and contending powers ratified. 

1714 The bull Unigenitus received in France. — The interest of 

money fixed at 5 per cent in England. — The accession of 
George, elector of Hanover, to the kingdom of Great 
Britain. 

1715 The Turks subdue the IMorea. — The treaty of Antwerp be- 

tween Germany and Holland. — The battle of Preston-pans, 
between the king's forces and the rebels. — The Pretender 
lands near Aberdeen. — Louis XTV. dies. 

1716 The alliance of Westminster between Great Britain and 

Holland. — The rebellion in Scotland suppressed. — The 
alliance of Westminster between Great Britain and Ger- 
many. — War declared between the Germans and the Turks. 

1717 The triple alliance between Great Britain, France, and Hol- 

land, at the Hague. 

1718 Charles XH. killed at Fredericshall, Dec. 11. — The alliance 



82 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1719-1731 a.d. 

between German}^, France, Holland, and Great Britain. — 
Great Britain declares war against Spain. — William Penn 
died. 

1719 Peace between Spain and Great Britain. — Peace between 

Poland and Sweden ; between PEanover and Sweden, at 
Stockholm. — John Law's bank exploded in England. — 
Joseph Addison died. 

1720 A league between Sweden and England. — Peace between 

Sweden and Prussia. — South Sea bubble bursts, Sept. 29. 
— A great earthquake in China. — Pestilence in France. — 
Sardinia ceded to the Duke of Savoy. 

1721 Peace between Great Britain and Spain. — A defensive alli- 

ance between Great Britain, France, and Spain. — A treaty 
of peace between Sweden and Russia. — Dr. Samuel Clarke. 

1722 A great revolution in Persia. — The czar of Muscovy assumed 

the title of Emperor of Russia. — The Christians and Jesuits 
banished out of China. — John Churchill, duke of Marl- 
borough, died. 

1724 The Protestants persecuted in France. — An academy of 

sciences established at Petersburgh. — Philip V. resigns his 
kingdom to his son Louis. 

1725 Peter the Great died, February 8. — The treaty of Vienna, 

between the emperor and the king of Spain. — War be- 
tween the Persians and Turks. — The treaty of Hanover. 

1726 An earthquake at Palermo. 

1727 Sir Isaac Newton died, March 20. — The treaty of Copen- 

hagen. — The Spaniards besiege Gibraltar. — Peace between 
Persia and the Ottoman Porte. — George I. of England 
dies, June 11. 

1728 Four iron furnaces running in America. — The treaty of 

AVestminster between Great Britain and Holland. — The 
congress of Soissons. — Cardinal Polignac. 

1729 The treaty of Seville, between Great Britain, France, and 

Spain. 

1730 A revolution at Constantinople. — The usurpation of the 

Afghans in Persia ended. — The Persians victorious over 
the Turks. 

1731 A treaty between the emperor and the kings of Britain and 



1732-1744 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 83 

Spain, at Vienna. — A treaty between the electorates of 
Saxony and Hanover. — A great earthquake at Naples. 

1732 George Washington born, Feb. 22. — The Pragmatic sanction 

confirmed by the diet of the empire. 

1733 The Jesuits expelled from Paraguay. — A double election of 

a king in Poland. — A war between France and Germany. 

1734 The French defeat the Imperialists at Parma. — The city of 

Dantzic submitted to Augustus. — A commercial treaty be- 
tween Great Britain and Russia. 

1735 A treaty between Denmark and Sweden. — The preliminaries 

of peace between France and Austria signed at Vienna. — 
Dr. Thomas Sherlock, bishop of London. 

1736 The first newspaper published in America, viz., the "Vir- 

ginian Gazette." — Peace between Spain and the house of 
Austria. — War between the Russians and Turks. 

1737 The emperor declares w^ar against the Turks. — A dreadful 

hurricane at the mouth of the Ganges. 

1739 Schah Nadir becomes master of the empire of the IMoguls. 

— A treaty between Great Britain and Denmark. — Peace 
between Germany and the Ottoman Porte ; between Russia 
and the same. — War declared between England and Spain. 

— Admiral Vernon took Porto-Bello. 

1740 The emperor Charles VI. dies. — Henry Fielding. 

1741 The battle of Molwitz. — W\ar of the Austrian Succession, 

1741-48. — Vernon takes Carthagena. •— A revolution in 
Russia. 

1742 The battle of Czaslaw, between the Prussians and Austrians. 

— Peace between Austria and Prussia. — The Austrians 
besiege Prague. — A defensive alliance between Great 
Britain and Prussia at AVestminster. 

1743 War between Persia and the Ottoman Porte. — The battle of 

Campo Santo. — The battle of Dettingen, June 16, in which 
the allied army defeats the French. — A treaty between 
Great Britain and Russia. — War in Germany. — Peace be- 
tween Russia and Sweden. — An alliance between Great 
Britain, Hungary, etc., at Worms. 

1744 The French attempt to invade Great Britain, and are defeated. 

— A sea-fight off Toulon. — War declared by Great Britain 



84 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1745-1754 a.d. 

against France. — War of Hungary and France declared. — 
Prague taken by the king of Prussia. — Coniinodore Anson 
completes his voyage around the world. — Henry Pelham, 
English minister. — Alexander Pope died. — War began in 
V America between the French and English, called " George's 

w^ar," which continued four years. 

1745 The quadruple alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Hol- 

land, and Poland. — The battle of Fontenoy, between the 
French and Allies. — The capture of Louisburg. — The re- 
bellion in Scotland. — The king of Sardinia almost stripped 
of his dominions by the Spaniards. — The treaty of Dres- 
den. — Count de Saxe, marshal of France. — Dean Swift 
died. 

1746 Peace between Persia and the Ottoman Porte. — Count Saxe 

takes Brussels and Antwerp. — The battle of Colloden, 
April 27. — Lima destroyed by an earthquake. — William 
Hogarth the artist. 

1747 Th^ French fleet defeated by Anson and Warren. — The 

Prince of Orange elected stadth older of the United Prov- 
inces. — A defensive alliance between Prussia, Poland, and 
Sweden. — The French defeat the Allies at Laffeldt. — The 
French fleet defeated by Admiral Hawke. — Bergen-op- 
Zoom taken by the French. — Kouli-Khan murdered. — A 
revolution in Persia. 

1748 Maestricht taken by the French. — The peace of Aix-la-Cha- 

pelle. 

1749 Nova Scotia peopled. — A league between the Pope, Venetians, 

etc., against the corsairs of Algiers and Tunis. — Pierre 
Bouguer. — Philip, earl of Chesterfield. 

1750 A slight earthquake in England. — Interest on the English 

funds reduced to 3 per cent. — An academy of sciences 
founded at Stockholm. — The commercial treaty of Madrid, 
between Spain and Great Britain. 

1751 Peace between Spain and Portugal. — Prince of Wales died, 

March 20. 

1752 The New Style introduced ; Sept. 3 being accounted Sept. 14. 

1753 The British museum established. — Dr. Edward Young. 

1754 A dreadful eruption of ^Etna. — A great earthquake at Con- 



1755-1761 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. g5 

stantinople, etc. — The last French and English war began, 
and continued nine years. — King's- (now Columbia) College 
founded. 

1755 War declared between the Dutch and Algerines. — Quito in 

Peru destroyed by an earthquake. — Braddock defeated and 
killed, July 9. — The French defeated near Lake George, 
Sept. 6. — A convention between Great Britain and Russia, 
at Petersburg. — Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake. 

1756 A treaty between Great Britain and Prussia. — Loss of Os- 

wego forts. — An engagement between the English and 
French fleets off Minorca. — Calcutta taken by the viceroy 
of Bengal. — William Pitt, earl of Chatham. 

1757 Damien's conspiracy against the king of France. — The king 

of Prussia invades Bohemia. — The battle of Prague. — The 
king of Prussia is repulsed by Count Daun. — The battle of 
Plaissy, in the East Indies. — The convention of Closter- 
seven. — The king of Prussia takes Bi-eslaw, and becomes 
master of Silesia. — Admiral Byng shot on March 14. — 
Princeton College founded. — Fort William Henry captured 
by the French. 

1758 Minden reduced by Prince Ferdinand. — A treaty between 

Great Britain and Prussia. — The English take Senegal. — 
The English repulsed at Ticonderoga. — The English cap- 
ture Louisburg, July 27. — The English capture Fort 
Duquesne in iPsTovember. — Goree taken by Commodore 
•Keppel. 

1759 Guadaloupe surrendered to the English. — Sir William. John- 

son reduces Fort Niagara. — Capture of Quebec, and deaths 
of Wolfe and Montcalm, Sept. 13. — Boscawen defeats the 
French fleet off Gibraltar. — Hawke defeats the French 
fleet off Belleisle. — Balbec and Tripoli destroyed by an 
earthquake. — Eobert Burns born ; died 1796. 

1760 The English defeated by the French at Quebec. — A transit 

of Venus over the Sun. — The English become masters of 
Montreal, and of Canada. — Berlin taken and j^lundered by 
the Austrian and Russian troops. — Earthquakes in Syria. 
— King George 11. of England dies. 

1761 Pondicherry taken. — A league between France and Spain. — 

A process against the Jesuits in France. 



86 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1762-1770 a.d. 

1762 War against Spain. — Czarina dies. — Martinico surrenders •, 

Grenada, etc. — Peace between Russia and Prussia. — War 
between Portugal and Spain. — War declared by France 
and Spain against Portugal. — A revolution in Russia. — 
Havana surrenders to the English. — Prince of AYales 
born. — The Jesuits banished from France. — i\Ianilla taken 
by the English. — Peace between Great Britain and France 
at Fontainbleau. 

1763 P'he treaty of Paris, between Great Britain, France, and Spain, 

acceded to by Portugal. — The peace of Ilubersburg between 
Hungary and Prussia. — Peace between Prussia and Poland. 

— The expulsion of the Jesuits from France completed. 

1764 A treaty signed between Russia and Prussia. — Count Stanis- 

laus Poniatowsky elected king of Poland. — Famine and 
pestilence in Italy. — An earthquake at Lisbon. — Munro 
defeats Sujah Dowlah at Buxar. — St. Louis founded. 

1765 Bengal established by Lord Clive under the British govern- 

ment. — The duke of Cumberland dies. — Dauphin dies. — 
Chevalier de St. George dies. — The " Stamp Act " passed. 

— The first Colonial Congress meet in October. 

1766 The " Stamx3 Act " repealed in March. — An insurrection in 

Spain, and the king obliged to leave Madrid. — A treat}^ of 
commerce and navigation between Great Britain and Russia. 

— A great earthquake at Constantinople. — The Jesuits 
expelled from Bohemia and Denmark. 

1767 The Jesuits expelled from S^Dain, Genoa, and Venice. — 

Montinico almost destroyed by an earthquake. — The 
Protestants are tolerated in Poland. 

1768 The Royal Academy of Arts established in London. — The 

Turks declare war against the Russians. — The Jesuits 
expelled from Naples. — Bougainville makes discoveiies in 
the Pacific Ocean. — Violent commotions in Poland. — David 
Garrick. — Robert, Lord Clive. — Troops sent from England 
to Boston. 

1769 California settled. — Three battles of Choczim. — The Russian 

fleet enters the Mediterranean. — Paoli fled from Corsica, 

1770 The Turks are defeated by the Russians near Pruth. — An 

earthquake at St. Domingo. — The right of Falkland islands 
settled. — The Boston massacre. 



1771-1777 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 87 

1771 An emigration of 500,000 Tourgouths to the frontiers of 

China. — The lord mayor of London committed to the 
Tower. — The Turkish fleet burned by the Russians at 
Cisme. — Dr. Warburton, bishop of Gloucester. 

1772 First partition of Poland. — Royal marriage act passed in 

Britain. — Warren Hastings becomes governor of Bengal. 

1773 The " Boston Tea Party," Dec. 16. — Explorations of Fur- 

neaux. — The American colonies revolt. 

1774 Captain Cook explores Australia and jSTew Zealand. — The 

Boston Port bill. — Continental or second Colonial Con- 
gress held at Philadelphia, Sept. 5. — Declaration of Rights, 
Nov. 4. — Death of Louis XV. ; accession of Louis XVI. 

1775 Battle of Lexington, April 18. — Ethan Allen surprises Fort 

Ticonderoga, May 10. — Union of the Colonies, May 20. — 
Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton arrive in America. — George 
Washington appointed commander-in-chief of the American 
army, June 15. — Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. — Assault 
on Quebec, Dec. 31. — General Montgomery killed, and 
the Americans defeated. — War resumed by Spain against 
Portugal. 
1770 Turgot dismissed from office. — The British evacuate Boston 
on March 17. — Attack on Charleston, June 28. — Declara- 
tion of Independence adopted by the thirteen States, July 4. 

— The battle of Long Island, Aug. 27. — Engagement at 
White Plains, Oct. 28. — Battle of Lake Champiain, Oct. 
11-13. — Fort Washington taken by the English, Nov. 16. 

— Battle of Trenton, Dec. 26 ; surrender of Hessians to 
Washington. 

1777 Battle of Princeton, Jan. 3. — Loss of Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, July 5. — Battle of Hubbardton, July 7. — 
Battle of Bennington, Aug. 16. — Battle of Brandywine, 
Sept. 11. — Battle of Bemis' Heights, Sept. 19. — The 
British occupy Philadelphia, Sept. 26. — Battle of German- 
town, Oct. 4. — Battle of Stillwater, Oct. 7. — Burgoyne 
surrenders to the Americans at Saratoga, Oct. 17. — The 
French acknowledge the independence of the United States, 
Dec. 16. — The third voyage of Captain Cook. — Necker 
becomes minister of finance in France. — Alliance between 
France and Switzerland, 



88 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1778-1784 a.d. 

1778 Prince Potemkin becomes prime minister of Russia. — France 

declares war ao'ainst Ensrland in aid of the American 
colonies. — The British evacuate Philadelphia, June 18. — 
Battle of Monmouth, June 28. — Massacre of Wyoming, 
July 3. — Expedition to Illinois, Dec. 8. — Savannah cap- 
tured by the British, Dec. 29. — Pondicherry surrenders to 
the English in India. — Death of Lord Chatham. — The 
Relief bill for Irish Catholics passed in England. 

1779 Spain renews w^ar with England. — Gibraltar besieged by 

the French and Spanish. — The battle of Briar Creek, 
March 3. — Rhode Island evacuated by the British in 
October. 

1780 Anti-property riots in London. — Holland begins war with 

England, which continues three years. — Hyder Ali takes 
Arcot. — Surrender of Charleston to the English, May 12. 

— Battle of Springfield, June 23. — Battle of Camden 
(Sanders' Creek), Aug. 16. — Arnold's treason. — Captui'e 
of Major Andre, who was executed as a spy, Oct. 2. — 
Battle of King's Mountain, Oct. 7. 

1781 The trial and acquittal of Gordon. — ISTecker, minister of 

finance of France, resigns. — Civil strife in Switzerland, in 
which France interferes. — Battle of ^ovo Porto, July 1. 

— The treaty of Chunar. — The battle of Cowpens, British 
defeated, Jan. 17. — Battle of Guilford Court-House, Mai'ch 
15. — Battle of Hofkirk's Hill (Camden), April 28. — New 
London burned, Sept. 6. — The surrender of Cornwallis at 
Yorktown, Oct. 19. — Lessing died; he was born 1729. 

1782 The French assist Tippoo Saib against the English. — Hol- 

land acknowledges the independence of the United States. 

1783 The ti*eaty of Paris, which declares the United States free, 

signed at Paris, Sept. 3. — The British evacuate New 
York, Nov. 25. — Washington resigns his position as com- 
mander-in-chief of the American forces, Dec. 23. — Bussy 
arrives in India with French troops. — Tippoo takes Bed- 
more. — The treaty of Versailles. — England cedes Baleaiic 
Isles to Spain. 

1784 Crimea ceded to Russia. — Treaty concluded with Tippoo 

Saib The treaty of Paris ratified by Congress, Jan. 4. — 

Dr, Samuel Johnson died ; he was born 1709. 



1785-1790 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 89 

1785 Joliii Adams, of Massachusetts, received as minister to Eng- 

land. — Warren Hastings returns to England from India. 

— The "Diamond Necklace Affair" in France, which causes 
great excitement. — Vassalage abolished in Hungary. 

1786 Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts and ISTew Hampshire. — 

Cornwallis becomes governor-general of India. — Attempt 
on King George III.'s life by Margaret Nicholson. — Fred- 
erick II. of Prussia dies. — Delegates of the United States 
meet at Annapolis. 

1787 Constitution of the United States agreed upon, Sept. 17. — A 

dispute about taxes in France. — War renewed between 
Russia and Turkey. 

1788 The states of Ohio and Iowa settled. — • The trial of Warren 

Hastings ; he is acquitted in 1795. — First landing of Eng- 
lish convicts at Port Jackson, Australia. — Death of Young 
Pretender at Rome, March 3. — Insanity of George III. 
made known, Nov. 19. — Second Assembly in France, and 
Necker recalled. — War between Germany and Turkey. — 
War between Russia and Sweden ; treaty of Werelow. — 
Suliot rebellion suppressed in Greece. — Lord Byron born 
Jan. 22 ; died April 19, 1821. 

1789 Government of the United States under the Constitution, 

March 1. — Washington inaugurated first president of the 
United States, April 30. — Tippoo attacks Travancore (Dec. 
24) ; defeated. — Voyages of Bligh. — Regency bill in Eng- 
land withdrawn on account of the king's recovery, and a 
public thanksgiving, April 23. — The French Revolution 
begins. — States-Generals meet, and declare themselves the 
National Assembly. — Overthrow of the Bastile, July 14; 
mob at Versailles compel the king and queen to go to Paris, 
Oct. 6 ; Assembly meets at Paris, Oct. ; confiscation of 
clerical propei'ty, Nov. 2 ; France divided into eighty-three 
departments, Dec. 22. 

1790 Tippoo plunders Travancore; concludes a treaty with Mah- 

rattas. — Louis accepts the revolution, Feb. 4. — Hereditary 
nobility abolished. — Fete in the Champ de Mars, July 14. 

— Flight of Necker. — Accession of Leopold 11. in Ger- 
many. 



90 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1791-1793 A. d. 

1791 Vermont admitted as a state. — United States Bank estab- 

lished at Philadelphia. — General St. Clair defeated by the 
Indians. — The battle of Arikera, May 14. — The " Quebec 
Bill " passed, which divides Canada into Upper and Lower 
Provinces. — Death of Mirabeau, April 2. — Escape of the 
royal family from Paris, June 20. — Imprisonment of the 
king and queen in the Tuileries. — Louis assents to the 
jSTational Constitution on Sept. 15. — ISTational Assembly 
dissolves, Sept. 29, and the Legislative Assembly meets, 
Oct. 1. — Conference of Pelniz, between the emperor and 
Frederick. 

1792 Kentucky admitted to the Union. — Capt. Grey discovers the 

Columbia River. — First coin issued in the United States. 

— Peace concluded with Tippoo Saib. — First coalition of 
Great Britain against France. — The French declare war 
with Austria, April 20. — Tuileries captured by the mob, 

J and the royal family imprisoned in the Temple, Aug. 10. 

— Royalty abolished by the National Convention, and 
French Republic declared, Sept. 21. — Trial of the king, 
'NoY. 12-Dec. 3. — Accession of Francis 11. of Austria to 
the German crown. 

1793 Trouble with Genet, the French ambassador to the United 

States. — Washington's second term begins. — Cotton-gin 
invented. — Pondicherry taken by the English. — War be- 
tween France and England. — Execution of Louis XVI., 
Jan. 21. — France declares war with Spain and Holland. — 
Robespierre becomes dictator, March 25. — The " Reign of 
Terror " began May 31, and lasted until July 28, 1794. — 
Marat assassinated, July 13. — Siege of Toulon; first vic- 
tory of Napoleon Bonaparte. — Execution of Marie Antoi- 
nette, Oct. 16. — Execution of Philip Egalite (Duke of Or- 
leans) and Madame Roland, Nov. 8. — Vendee revolt sup- 
pressed, Dec. 12. — The Rhenish provinces revolt. — The 
Prussians seize Dantzic, and acquire Posen. — Battles of 
Neerwinden and Quesnoy ; Austrians victorious. — Second 
partition of Poland. — Alliance between Russia and Great 
Britain. — Naples declares war against France. — The French 
army invades the Netherlands. — English embassy received 
at Pekin. 



17&4-1798 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 91 

1794 Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania. — Genet recalled. — Jay's 

treaty with Great Biitain. — Wayne defeats the Miami 
Indians. — Habeas Corpus Act in England sus]3ended. — 
Battle of Brest, June 1. — Lord Howe defeats the French 
fleet. — Danton guillotined, xVpril 5. — Robespierre becomes 
president of the French republic in June ; deposed June 7, 
and executed, with St. Just and seventy others, which ends 
the " Reign of Terror." 

1795 Jay's treaty ratified by Congress. — The Prince of Wales 

marries Caroline of Brunswick, April 8. — Warren Hastings 
acquitted, A]3ril 23. — Orange clubs formed in Ireland. — 
Louis XVII. dies in prison. — Bonaparte suppresses the 
royalist rebellion, Oct. 5. — Establishment of the Directory 
in France, Oct. 28. — Final partition of Poland between 
Russia, Prussia, and Austria. — Battle of Loano. 

1796 Tennessee admitted to the Union. — Washington resigns. — 

Robert Burns died; he was born 1759. — Campaign of 
Napoleon in Italy. — Battle of Montenotte, April 12. — 
Battle of Mondovi, April 22. — Battle of Attenkirchen, 
June 1. — Battle of Radstadt, July 5. — Battle of Roveredo, 
Sept. 4. — Battle of Areola, Nov. 14-17; and many others, 
in which the French were victorious over the Germans- 
Austrians. — War again begun between Spain and England. 

1797 John Adams inaugiu'ated second president of the United 

States. — Treaty between France and the United States 
annulled. — Edmund Burke died ; he was born 1730. — The 
Bank of England stops payment, Feb. 27. — Baboeuf 's con- 
spiracy iails. — Napoleon returns to Paris. — Frederick 
William HI. of Prussia ascends the throne of Germany. — 
The treaty of Campo Formio. — Napoleon gives up Lom- 
bardy, and receives Venice. — Cisalpine republic formed. — 
Battle of St. Vincent ; Spanish fleet defeated. 

1798 Rebellion in Ireland : battle of Kilcullen, May 23 ; battle of 

Antrim, June 7. — The battle of the Nile, August 1 ; great 
victory of Nelson over the French. — The marquis of Welles- 
ley becomes governor-general of India. — Bass and Flan- 
ders discover Bass's Straits. — Napoleon invades Egypt. — 
Battle of the Pyramids, July 13-21. — Russia, England, and 



92 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [179D-1803 a.d. 

Austria, unite against France. — Second invasion of Italy 
by the French. — ITapoleon dej)oses Pope Pius VI. — War 
between Turkey and France. — The IJelvetian Confedera- 
tion dissolved in Switzerland, and a republic fomided. 

1799 Death of George Washington, Dec. 14 ; he was born Feb. 22, 

1732. — The Irish rebellion completely suppressed. — Alli- 
ance between England, Germany, Russia, Turkey, Portugal, 
and IsTaples, against Napoleon, June 22. — Directory of 
France dissolved, Nov. 10. — Napoleon elected First Consul, 
Dec. 13. — The Austriaiis renew war with France ; are de- 
feated at Zurich and Bergen. — Suwarrow assists the Aus- 
trians in Italy. — Alliance between Russia and France. — 
The French are defeated in Italy by Suwarrow. 

1800 The capital of the United States removed from Philadelphia 

to Washington. — Treaty signed between France and the 
United States. — Surrender of Surat ; Nizam cedes Mysore 
to England. — Explorations and surveys of Grant and Flin- 
ders in Australia began. — Attempt on the king of Eng- 
land's life, by Hatfield. — The battle of Marengo, June 14 ; 
the Austrians totally defeated. — An attempt to assassinate 
Napoleon, Dec. 24. — Battles of Engen, May 3 ; Montebello, 
June 9 ; Hochstadt, June 19 ; Hohenlinden, Dec. 3; and 
Mincio ; in all of which Napoleon defeats the Austrians. — 
Parma ceded to the French. — Internal dissensions in 
Switzerland, which is divided into 19 cantons. 

1801 Thomas Jefferson inaugurated i3resident of the United States. 

— War between the United States and Tripoli. — Treaty of 
Luneville. — Legislative union of Great Britain and Ire- 
land. — Battle of Copenhagen, April 2. —Peace of Amiens, 
Oct. 1. — Prussians seize Hanover. — Assassination of Paul 
I. of Russia ; accession of Alexander I. — The peace of 
Badajos ends the war between Spain and Portugal. 

1802 Ohio admitted into the Union. — Treaty of Bassein between 

the Comp»any and the Peishwa of India. — The treaty of 
Amiens, May 27. — Napoleon made consul for life. — Cis- 
alpine republic remodelled as the Italian republic, with Na- 
poleon as president. — Peace between England and Spain. 

1803 Louisiana purchased from the French by the United States. — 



1804-1807 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 93 

Mahratta war begins ; battle of Delhi, Sept. 11. — Battle of 
Assaye, Sept. 23. — Gen. Lake takes Agra, Oct. 17. — Peace 
with Scindia, Dec. 30. — War declared between England 
and France, May 22. — Emniett's rebellion in Ireland sup- 
pressed, and he is executed Sept. 20. — Van Diemen's land 
discovered, now called Tasmania. — Insurrection of Mame- 
lukes at Cairo. — The Turks put down the second Sulict 
rebellion, which was incited by the French. 

1804 Alexander Hamilton killed in a duel with Aaron Burr. — De- 

catur destroys the Philadelphia. — Battle of Deeg, N'ov. 13. 

— George's conspiracy against jSraj)oleon, which fails. — Ex- 
ecution of the Duke d' Enghien, March 21. — ISTajDoleon 
proclaimed emperor, May 18 ; crowned by the Pope, Dec. 2. 

— Francis II. of Germany becomes Francis I. of Austria. — 
War renewed between Spain and England. 

1805 Treaty of peace between the United States and Tripoli. — War 

in India ends. — Napoleon crowned king of Italy, May 2G. 

— Russia, England, Saxony, and Prussia combine against 
ISTapoleon. — Battle of Trafalgar, English victorious, Nelson 
killed, Oct. 21.— Battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 2. — Treaty of 
Presburg, Dec. 26. — Treaty of Vienna ; Napoleon estab- 
lishes the kingdoms of Westphalia, Bavaria, and Wurtem- 
burg. — Downfall of the German empire. 

1806 Mutiny among the Sepoys in India. — William Pitt died ; he 

was born 1759. — Death of Charles James Fox ; he was 
born 1749. — Confederation of the Rhine ratified at Paris, 
July 12. — Coalition against France for the fourth time. — 
The Prussians declare war against Napoleon, Sept. 24. — 
Battles of Auerstadt and Zena, Oct. 4. — French enter 
Berlin, Oct. 21. — Dissolution of the Germanic confedera- 
tion ; Francis abdicates. — Austria loses her Italian posses- 
sions by the treaty of Presburg. — Napoleon I. makes his 
brother Louis king of PloUand. — Mehemet Ali becomes 
pasha of Egypt. 

1807 First steamboat in America. — The American sliip Chesapeake 

fired upon by the English ship Leopard. — Ohio admitted 
to the Union. — The embargo on American ships declared, 
Dec. 22. — Slave trade abolished in England, March 25. — 



94 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [180C-1812 a.d. 

Cardinal Henry Stuart died, claimant of the English throne. 

— Treaty of peace between Napoleon and Kussia signed, 
July 7. — Publication of the ''Milan Decree," Dec. 17.— 
Treaty of Tilsit between Germany and France. — France 
signs a treaty with S]3ain for partition of Portugal, — War 
of Turkey with England and Eussia. — The British fleet 
passes the Dardanelles. 

1808 War between India and Travancore. — Gov. Bligh deposed 

for tyranny in Australia. — Serfdom abolished in Prussia. 

— The Peninsular war begins. — Charles TV. abdicates. — 
Murat enters Madrid and massacres two hundred French. 

— Ferdinand VIL abdicates. — Napoleon I. gives the crown 
to his brother Joseph, who is driven from Madrid. — Battle 
of Mmeira. — Battle of Logrono. — Napoleon enters Madrid, 
Dec. 4. 

1809 James Madison inaugurated president of the United States. 

— Congress prohibits trade with Great Britain and France. 

— Travancore subdued. — Sir John Moore died ; he was born 
1761. — Battle of Corunna, Jan. IG. — Battle of Talavera, 
July 28. — Battle of Molinos De Key, Dec. 21. — Treaty of 
Vienna. — Divorce of Josephine. — Battle of Silistria, be- 
tween the Turks and Russians. 

1810 Napoleon prohibits trade with the United States. — Com- 

mercial depression. — Napoleon marries Maria Louise of 
Austria. — ELolland annexed to France. — North Germany 
annexed to France. — The French seize Granada, Jan. 27 ; 
Seville, Jan. 31 ; Astorga, April 21. 

1811 Oregon settled. — Battle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 17. — The 

Prince of Wales becomes regent, Feb. 5. — Luddite riots in 
November. — Birth of the king of Bome, afterwards 
Napoleon 11. — Battle of Fuentes de Onoro. — Tarragova 
taken by Suchet. — Joseph returns to Madrid. — Soult 
defeats the Spanish army at Lorca. — Switzerland aids 
France. — Massacre of the Mamelukes. — Mehemet becomes 
suj^reme. 

1812 Louisiana admitted as a state The United States declares 

war with Great Britain, Juno 18. — General Hull invades 
Canada. — Surrender of Mackinaw, June 17 Constitution 



1813-181i A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 95 

takes Guerriere, Aug. IG.— Battle of Queenstown, Oct. 13. 
— United States frigate Wasp takes the Frolic, Oct. 18. — 
The frigate United States takes the Macedonia, Oct. 25. — 
Constitution takes the Java in December. — War declared 
between France and Russia. — Battles of Smolensko and 
Borodino. — Burning of Moscow by the Russians, Sept. 14. 
—Retreat of the French from Moscow in October.— Prussia 
concludes an alliance with France and Austria. — Ciudad- 
Roderigo taken by Wellesley, Jan. 10. — Storming of Bada- 
jor, April 6. — Battle of Salamanca, July 22. — The English 
enter Madrid. — Edict against Christianity in China.— 
Treaty of Bucharest. 
1813 Battle of Frenchtown, Jan. 24. — The Hornet takes the 
Peacock, Feb. 25.— Capture of York (Toronto) by the 
Americans, April 27. — Chesapeake captured by the Shan- 
non, June 1. — Battle of Stony Creek and Burlington 
Heights, June 6. — Battle of Lake Erie, Sept. 10. — Battle 
of the Thames, Oct. 5. — The English burn Buffalo, Dec. 13. 

— Madison's second term begins. — Alliance of Austria, 
Russia, and Prussia, against France, Marcli IG. — Wellhig- 
ton enters France, Oct. 7. — Battle of Katzbach, Aug. IG. — 
Battle of Leipsic, Oct. IG. — Holland revolts from France, 
and the Prince of Orange proclaimed sovereign. 

1814 The Americans defeat the English at Longwood, March 4. 

— Creek Indians subdued ; the English seize Oswego, May 6. 

— The Americans take Fort Erie, July 3. — Battle of Chip- 
pewa, July 4. — Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25. — Public 
buildings at Washington burned, Aug. 24. — Battle with 
the English at Baltimore, Sept. 12. -Hartford convention, 
Dec. 14. — Treaty of peace between Great Britain and the 
United States signed at Ghent, Dec. 24. — Surrender of 
Paris to the Allies, March 30. - Abdication of Napoleon I. 
in favor of his son.— Bourbon dynasty restored; Louis 
XVIII. arrives in Paris. — Constitutional charts decreed in 
France in June. — Congress of sovereigns at Vienna.— 
Dissolution of the kingdom of Italy. — Ferdinand VII. 
restored. — Free constitution adopted in Holland.— Belgium 
annexed to the Netherlands. 



96 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1015-1821 A. d. 

1815 Battle of ISTew Orleans, Jan. 8. — Treaty of Ghent ratified, 

Fel). 17. — War between the United States and Barbary 
States. — l^apoleon I. returns from Elba, lands at Cannes, 
March 1. — Alliance of England, Austria, Prussia, and 
Russia. — Louis XVIII. leaves Paris ; restoration of the 
empire. — Napoleon invades Belgium, June 15. — Battle of 
Waterloo, final defeat of x^apoleon by Wellington and 
Blucher, June 18. — Louis XVIII. returns to Paris, July G. 

— Napoleon sent to St. Helena, Aug. 8. — Marshal Ney 
executed, Dec. 7. — Germanic confederation formed. — 
Treaty of Vienna. — Alexander proclaimed king of Poland. 

— Most of Belgium ceded to Austria. — Swiss independence 
procured ; 22 cantons. — Insurrection of Morelos in Mexico. 

— Discoveries of Belzoni in Egj^pt. 

1816 Indiana admitted to the Union. — The decree of amnesty 

excludes the Bonapartes forever from the throne of France. 

— Lord Amherst's embassy to China fails. 

1817 Mississippi admitted to the Union. — James Monroe inaugu- 

rated president of the United States. — The Mahratta con- 
federacy dissolved. — Ahmednuggur ceded to England. — 
Pindarric war in India. — An insurrection in Breslau 
suppressed. 

1818 Illinois admitted to the Union. — Florida war. — End of the 

Pindarric war in India. — Formation of the Prussian 
ZoUverim (commercial union). 

1819 Alabama admitted to the Union. — Arkansas made a separate 

territory. — Oudh becomes independent. — Victoria bo]'n, 
May 24. — Congress of Carlsbad. 

1820 Maine admitted to the Union. — Missouri Compromise Act. 

— Death of George III.; accession of George IV. — Cato 
Street conspiracy discovered. — Trial of Queen Caroline, 
Aug. 7. — Assassination of the Due de Berri. — Revolution 
in Spain. — Ferdinand accepts constitution of the Cortes. 

1821 Missouri accepts Compromise Act, and is admitted to the 

Union. — Monroe's second term begins. — Death of Queen 
Caroline. — Outrages in Ireland. — Napoleon I. died in 
exile at St. Helena. — Insurrections in Moldavia and Wal- 
lachia. — Revolt of Ipsylanti. — The Greeks gain the Pelo- 
ponnesus. — Mexico becomes independent. 



1822-1830 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 97 

1822 Independence of South American republics declared. — 

" Whiteboy " outrages in Ireland. — Succession renounced 
by the Grand Duke Constantine. — Independence of 
Greece. — Massacre of Scio. — Iturbide declared emperor of 
Mexico. 

1823 The French enter Spain and invest Cadiz. — Battle of the 

Trocadero. — Kiego executed. — ]!!^ational congress at Argos. 

— Death of Marco Bozzaris. — Federal constitution in 
Mexico. 

1824 Lafayette visits the United States. — Burmese war begins. — 

Rangoon taken, May 11. — Death of Lord Byron ; he was 
born 1788. — Death of Louis XYIIL, and accession of 
Charles X. — Turks defeated at Mitylene. — Turks destroy 
Ipsara. 

1825 John Quincy Adams inaugurated president. — Capture of 

Assam. — Battle of Prome. — The Hungarian Diet assem- 
bles. — Death of Alexander L, and accession of Mcholas I. 

— Insurrection of troops at Moscow. 

1826 Commercial panic in England. — The battle of Pagham Mew, 

which ends the Burmese war. — Missoloughi taken by the 
Turks. 

1827 Battle of Kavarino ; the allies defeat Turkish and Egyptian 

fleet. — The Turks take Athens. — Independence of Greece 
established. 

1828 A " protective " tariff is adopted by the United States. — 

Slavery abolished in the East. — Afghan war begins. — 
Cabul captured, Aug. 7. — Russia wars with Turkey and 
Persia. — The French evacuate Cadiz ; it becomes a free 
port. — Bajazet taken, Sept. 9. — Varna yields to the Rus- 
sians, Oct. 11 — The Turks leave the Morea. 

1829 Andrew Jackson inaugurated president of the United States. 

— Roman Catholic Relief Bill in England passed, April 13. 

— Riots in London. — West Australia made a province. — 
Peace of Adrianople, between Russia and Turkey. — Salique 
law in Spain abolished. — Spaniards expelled from Mexico, 
and slavery abolished. 

1830 Stuart's explorations in South Australia. — Death of George 

lY., and accession of William IV. — Chamber of Deputies 



98 HANDBOOK OF DATES, [1831-1837 a.d. 

dissolved, May 16. — Algiers taken, July 5. — The revolu- 
tion of 1830 begins in France, July 27. — Charles X. abdi- 
cates. — The duke of Orleans becomes Louis Philippe I. — 
Abdication of the king of Saxony. — Insurrection in Poland 
suppressed. — Revolt of Belgium, which becomes inde- 
pendent. ') 

1831 The first locomotive engine. -*- Reform bill rejected by the 

House of Lords, Oct. 7. — Riots in Bristol. — Riots in Paris, 
Feb. 14-15. — Mazzini forms the "Young Italy Party." — 
Insurrections in Central Italy. — Revolt of Mehemet Ali. 
— Battle of Konich. 

1832 ^N'ew tariff law. — Black Hawk war. — Commercial crisis in 

the United States. — English reform bill passed. — Death 
of Sir Walter Scott ; he was born, 1771. — Irish reform 
bill passed. — Attempt on the life of Louis Philippe, Dec. 
27. — Death of the poet Goethe ; he was born, 1749. — Re- 
volt of the Texans. — Defeat of the Turks at Konieh. 

1833 Jackson's second term begins. — Other states join the Prus- 

sian ZoUverein. — Death of Ferdinand 11. — Queen Christina 
acts as regent for Isabella 11. — Russians enter Constanti- 
nople. — Accession of Otho I. — Santa Anna elected presi- 
dent of Mexico. -^ Treaty of Kutayah. 

1834 Slavery ceases in the English colonies. — The quadruple 

alliance of France, England, Spain, and Portugal. — China 
prohibits the opium trade. — Lafayette died ; he was born, 
1757. 

1835 The Seminole war in Florida. — Great fire in New York. — 

Corporation Reform Bill passed in England, Sept. 9. — 
Fieschis's infernal machine plot in France. — Death of 
Francis I. and accession of Ferdinand I. 

1836 Arkansas admitted to the Union. — Failure of Louis iN'apo- 

leon's Strasburg insurrection. — Battle of Bilbao ; defeat of 
Carlists. 

1837 Michigan admitted to the Union. — Martin Van Buren inau- 

gurated president of the United States. — Papineau's rebel- 
lion in Canada. — Attempt to take Toronto; defeated at 
St. Eustace, Dec. 14. — Founding of Melbourne. — Death 
of William IV. ; accession of Queen Victoria. — Hanover 



1838-1843 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 99 

separated from Great Britain. — Dissolution of the mon- 
asteries in Spain. 

1838 Afghan war; Cabul captured, Aug. 7. — Explorations of 

Grey in North-west Australia. — Coronation of Victoria, 
June 28. — Irish " poor law bill " passed, July 31. — Death 
of Talleyrand ; he was born 1754. — War between France 
and Mexico. 

1839 The United States bank suspends payment. — War between 

England and China. — Murder of Lord Norbury in Ireland. 

— Insurrections in Paris. — Don Carlos retreats to France. 

— Second revolt of Mehemet ; battle of ISTezib ; the Turks 
defeated. 

1840 Marriage of Queen Victoria with Prince Albert of Saxe Co- 

burg, Feb. 10. — Louis Xapoleon attempts to take Bou- 
logne, Aug. 6 ; fails and is imprisoned. — Attempt on the 
life of Louis Philijppe I. — Accession of Frederic William 
IV. of Prussia. — Treaty of London signed by Russia. — 
The queen regent of Spain abdicates. — William I. abdi- 
cates. — Trade with England forbidden by the emperor of 
China. — W^ar between China and England ends in a truce. 

— Battle of Beyrout. 

1841 William H. Harrison, inaugurated president of the United 

States, dies, April 4 ; John Tyler inaugurated, April 6. — 
The M'Leod difficulty. — Upper and Lower Canada joined. 
Russian war with the Circassians. — Insurrection in Spain. 

— Treaty between Egypt and Turkey. — Chinese break the 
truce with England, and war renewed. 

1842 Ashburton or first Washington treaty between the United 

States and England. — Attacks on the queen of England ; 
one on May 30, the other June 3. — Income tax passed. — 
Death of the duke of Orleans. — Insurrection at Barcelona; 
the city bombarded Dec. 3 ; surrenders to Espartero Dec. 4. 
Dissensions between the Protestants and Catholfcs in Swit- 
zerland. — Treaty of peace between Great Britain and Chi- 
na; China pays $21,000,000. 

1843 Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island. — Espartero defeated and de- 

prived of power. — Isabella II. (13 years old) declared to 
be of age by the Cortes. — Insurrection in Athens ; new 



100 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1844-1848 A.d. 

constitution. — Treaty between Great Britain and China 
ratified. 

1844 Texas asks for annexation. — First telegraph line established. 

— Joseph Smith the Mormon prophet shot. — Seat of gov- 
ernment transferred from Kingston to Montreal. — Trial of 
Daniel O'Connel, at Dublin, for sedition ; convicted, fined, 
and imprisoned. — Attempt to assassinate the king of 
Prussia. 

1845 Texas annexed by act of congress. — Florida admitted to the 

Union. — War declared between the United States and 
Mexico, June 4. — England purchased the Danish posses- 
sions in India. — Battle of Moodkee. — Great famine in 
Ireland. — Anti corn-law agitation in England. — Carlos 
assigns his claims to his son. — Railways opened in Eng- 
land. 

1846 North-western boundary fixed at 49°. — Hostilities begin in 

Mexico ; battle of Palo Alto, May 8. — Monterey taken, 
Sept. 24. — Iowa admitted to the Union. — Treaty of La- 
sore. — Commercial panic in England. — Repeal of the 
" Corn Laws." — Food riots in Ireland. — An attempt on 
the king's life in France. — Lbuis Napoleon escapes from 
Flam. — Marriage of Isabella 11. to Francisco. 

1847 Battle of Buena Yista, Feb. 23. — Gen. Taylor defeats Santa 

Anna ; battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18. — Molino del Rey 
taken, Sept. 8. — Gen. Scott enters the city of Mexico, 
Sept. 15. — England expends £10,000,000 for the relief of 
Ireland. — Surrender of Abd-el-Kader to the French. — 
Espartero restored. — Attempt on the queen of Spain's life. 
— Jesuits expelled from Switzerland; civil war. — Sewing- 
machine invented by Howe. 

1848 Treaty between the United States and Mexico. — Upper Cali- 

fornia ceded to the United States. — Gold discovered m 
California. — Wisconsin admitted to the L^nion. — War with 
Sikhs in India. — Irish rebellion suppressed. — Revolution 
in France. — Abdication of Louis XYIII. — Republic pro- 
claimed, Feb. 26. — Insurrection in Paris, June 23. — Paris 
in a state of siege, June 25. — Surrender of the insurgents, 
June 26. — Napoleon proclaimed president-elect of the 



1849-1852 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 101 

French Republic, Dec. 20. — Insurrection in Berlin, and 
revolt throughout Germany. — German National Assembly 
meets at Frankfort. — Insurrection in Italy. — Revolution 
in Hungary. — Ferdinand I. abdicates in favor of Francis 
Joseph. — Russia aids Austria. — British envoy ordered to 
leave Spain. 

1849 Expeditions against Cuba from the United States forbidden 

by the President. — Cholera plague in England. — Sar- 
dinians defeated by the Austrians at Navarre, March 23. 

— Charles Albert abdicates in favor of his son, Victor 
Emmanuel II., March 23 ; dies, eluly 28. — The Roman re- 
public formed. — Rome captured by the French. — Republic 
overthrown, and the Pope is restored. — Revolution in 
Hungary put down. — Imperial crown of Germany offered 
to the king of Prussia, who declines it, April 29. — Electric 
telegraph completed. — First experiment of a submarine 
telegraph at Folkestone. — The kindergarten system of 
schools invented. 

1850 United States makes a treaty with England for a transit-way 

across Panama. — The omnibus bill in the United States. 

— California admitted to the Union. — Sir Robert Peel 
died. — Louis Philippe died. — Freedom of the press in 
France curtailed. — Convention of Olmutz. — Peace be- 
tween Denmark and Prussia. — Peace restored in Prussia. 

— Conspiracy against the emperor of Russia's life. — The 
first Ruhmkorf coil invented. — The air-whistle invented. 

1851 The Congressional Library- destroyed by fire. — Gold arrives 

in England from Australia. — Electric telegraph between 
England and France established. — The Coup d'Etat. — 
Arrest of the National Assembly. — Louis Napoleon elected 
president of the French republic for ten years. — Opening 
of the Madrid Aranjuez railway. — The constitution of 
1849 revoked by the emperor (of Austria). 

1852 Dispute between the United States and England about the 

fisheries. — Expedition to Japan from the United States. 

— Duke of Wellington died, Sept. 14. — Daniel Webster 
died, Oct. 24 ; he was born, Jan. 18, 1782. — The empire of 
France restored by a vote of the people, Nov. 21 ; Louis 



102 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1853-1856 A.d. 

^Napoleon declared emperor, and assumes the title of I^a- 
poleon m., Dec. 2. — Merino the monk attempts to kill the 
queen of Spain. — Trial by jury abolished in the Austrian 
empire. — King of Prussia re-establishes the Council of 
State. — Minie rifle introduced. — Cork exhibition opened. 

1853 Treaty between the United States and Japan. — The emperor 

of France marries Eugenie, Jan. 29. — jSTarvaez exiled from 
Spain. — Austrians enter the Danubian principalities. — A 
plot against the Prussian government detected. — Quarrel 
between Pussia and Turkey about the " Holy Places." — 
Submarine telegraph laid between Portpatrick and Don- 
aghadee. 

1854 Kansas-Xebraska bill. — - Peciprocity treaty between the United 

States and England. — England, France, and Turkey en- 
gage in war with Pussia. — Crystal Palace opened by the 
queen. — Espartero organizes a military insurrection in 
Spain, and becomes prime minister. — The queen retires 
from Spain. — Prussia remains neutral in the Crimean war. 

— Capture of Bomarsund, Aug. 16. — Battle of the Alma, 
Sept. 20. — Siege of Sebastopol begun in October. — Battle 
of Balaklava, Oct. 25. — Battle of Inkermann, InTov. 5. — 
First section of the Bengal railway opened. — Electric tele- 
graph from Paris to Bastia. 

1855 Trouble between the free and slave state settlers begins in the 

United States. — Death of Joseph Hume, the historian. — 
Two attempts on the life of the emperor of France. — Death 
of Don Carlos. — Sardinia joins the alliance against Pussia. 

— The French capture the Malakoff Tower. — The Russians 
evacuate Sebastopol in September. — Emperor JSTicholas of 
Pussia dies, and is succeeded by Alexander II. — Niagara 
suspension-bridge first crossed by a locomotive. May 14. — 
Panama railroad completed, Jan. 28. — Jules Duboscq's 
electric lamp shown at the Paris exhibition. — Ericsson's 
caloric engine first used. 

1856 Crampton, the British minister at Washington, dismissed. — 

England, France, and Turkey make peace with Pussia. — 
War between England and China. — War between Eng- 
land and Persia. — Crimean war ends. — Revolution in 



1857-1861 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 103 

Spain; ISTarvaez made prime minister. — Bessemer process 
of making steel made known. 

1857 Settlement of the Central American question. — The Dred- 

Scott decision. — Trouble with the Mormons. — Great com- 
mercial crisis and panic. — Sibour, archbishop of Paris, 
assassinated by a priest. — Quarrel betw^een Sardinia and 
Austria. — The German confederation revised. — Derricks 
invented by A. D. Bishop. 

1858 Minnesota admitted to the Union. — First Atlantic cable com- 

pleted in August. — The government of the East India 
Company ended Sept. 1. — An attempt on the life of the 
Emperor of France, by Orsini and others. — Passage of the 
Public Safety Bill. — Steamship line from Gal way to Amer- 
ica. — Magneto-electric light of Prof. Holmes successfully 
tried at Dover. — Decimal currency adopted in Canada. 

1859 Oregon admitted into the Union. — John Brown's insurrec- 

tion, Oct. 16 ; he was executed Dec. 2. — England remains 
neutral in the war between Sardinia and France and Aus- 
tria. — Death of Lord Macauly, Dec. 28. — France declares 
war against Austria. — Battles of Montebello, May 20 ; Pa- 
lestro, May 30 and 31 ; ]\Iagenta, June 4 ; Malegnano, June 
8 ; Solferino, June 24 ; the allies victorious in each. — Peace 
signed, !N"ov. 12. — War between Spain and Morocco. — 
Photoglyphic engraving invented by F. Talbot. — The great 
Westminster clock set up. — Humboldt died. May 6. 

1860 Abraham Lincoln elected president of the United States. — 

South Carolina secedes from the L^nion, being the first 
state. — Commercial treaty between England and France. — 
Peace between England and China. — Savoy and Nice an- 
nexed to France. — Meeting between the Emperor ISTapoleon 
and the German sovereigns at Baden. — The Moors com- 
pelled to make peace with Spain. — Sicily and ISTaples an- 
nexed to Sardinia. — Treaty of Zurich. — Meeting of the 
Beichsrath in Austria. — Beginning of the revolution in 
Hungary. — Quarrel between Germany and Denmarlj about 
the Danish Duchies. — Spectrum analysis invented by Bun- 
sen and Kirchoff. — Petroleum discovered in Pennsylvania. 

1861 The state of Mississippi secedes from the Union, Jan. 9. — 



104 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1862 a.d. 

Florida secedes, Jan. 10 ; Alabama, Jan. 11 ; Georgia, Jan. 
18 ; Louisiana, Jan. 26 ; Texas, Feb. 1. — Montgomery con- 
vention; Jefferson Davis made president of the Confederate 
States. — Abraham Lincoln inaugurated president of the 
United States, March 4. — Fort Sumter bombarded, April 
12. — Federal troops attacked in Baltimore, Md., April 19. 
Arkansas secedes from the Union, May 6 ; Xorth Carolina, 
May 20 ; Tennessee, June 8. — Battle of Big Bethel, June 
10. — Virginia divided into two states, June 20. — Battle of 
Rich Mountain, July 4. — Battle of Carrick's Ford, July 13. 

— Battle of Bull Bun, July 21. — Battle of Dug Spring, 
Aug. 2. — Battle of Athens, Aug. 5. — Battle of Wilson's 
Creek, Aug. 10. — Forts Hatteras and Clark captured by 
the Union forces, Aug. 28. — Battle of Lexington, Sept. 20. 

— Capture of Port Royal, ISTov. 7. — Kentucky admitted in- 
to the Confederate States, Dec. 9. — Battle of Martinsburg, 
Dec. 18. — Death of Prince Albert, Dec. 14. — France pur- 
chases Monaco. — Commercial treaty between France and 
Belgium. — France declares her neutrality in the American 
rebellion. — St. Domingo annexed to Spain. — The first 
Italian parliament assembles, Feb. 18. — Victor Emmanuel 
made king of Italy, Feb. 26. — Death of Cavour, June G ; 
he was born Aug. 10, 1810. — Military government estab- 
lished in Hungary. — William I. becomes king of Prussia. — 
Insurrection in Poland begins. — Rubidium discovered. 

1862 Battle of Mill Springs, Jan. 18 and 19. — Capture of Fort 
Henry, Feb. 6. — Roanoke Island captured, Feb. 8. — Sur- 
render of Fort Donelson, Feb. 16. — Confederate congress 
meets at Richmond, Va., Feb. 18. — Battle of Pea Ridge, 
March 7, 8. — Engagement of the Monitor and Merrimac, 
March 9. — Battle of Winchester, March 13. — Capture of 
Newbern, March 14. — Battle of Pittsburg Landing, April 
6, 7. — Capture of Island No. 10, April 8. — Surrender of 
Fort Pulaski, April 11. — Capture of Xew Orleans, April 25. 

— Battle of AYilliamsburg, May 5. — Surrender of Natchez, 
May 13. — Battle of Seven Pines, May 29. — Battle of Fair 
Oakes, May 31-June 1. — Capture of Memphis, June 6. — 
Seven days' battle before Richmond, elune 25-July 1. — 



1863 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 105 

Second battle at Fair Oakes, June 25. — Battle at Mechan- 
icsville, June 26. — Battle at Gaines' Mill, June 27.— Battle 
at Savage Station and Peach Orchard, June 28.— Engage- 
ment at White Oak Swamp, June 30. — Battle at Malvern 
Hill, July 1. —Battle of Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9. — Battle 
of Sulphur Springs, Aug. 24. — Engagement on the Rappa- 
hannock, Aug. 27.— Battle of Kettle Run, Aug. 27. — Bat- 
tle of Groveton, Aug. 29. — Second battle of Bull Run, 
Aug. 30. —Battle of Chantilly, Sept. 1. — The Confederates 
cross the Potomac, and enter Maryland, Sept. 1. — Battle 
of South Mountain, Sept. 14. — Harper's Ferry surrendered, 
after three days of fighting, Sept. 15. — Battle of Antietam, 
Sept. 17. — Battle of Inka, Sept. 19. — Lincoln issues pre- 
liminary Proclamation of Emancipation, Sept. 22. — Battle 
of Corinth, Oct. 4. — Battle of Perrj-ville, Oct. 8. — Cham- 
bersburg, Pa., burned by Gen. Stuart, Oct. 10. — Battle of 
Fredericksburg, Dec. 13. — Battle of Kingston, Dec. 14. — 
AVest Virginia admitted as a state to the Union, Dec. 31. — 
France declares war against Mexico. — iSTew commercial 
treaty between France and Prussia. — Garibaldi endeavors 
to wrest Rome from the Pope. — Amnesty granted to Hun- 
garians. — Internal disputes of government in Prussia. — 
Trial by jury granted in Russia. — The insurrection in Po- 
land becomes general, and the following year is put down 
with great severity by the Russians. 
1863 Emancipation proclamation of President Lincoln goes into 
effect, Jan. 1. — Battle of Murfreesboro, Jan. 1. — Capture 
of Confederate ram Atlanta by Union monitor WeeJiaioken, 
off Savannah, Jan. 17. — Port Gibson cajotured, INIay 1. — 
Engagements on the Rappahannock, INIay 2, 3, 4. — Jack- 
son, Miss., captured by Grant, May 14. — Battle of Black 
River, May 17. — Yicksburg besieged by Grant, May 21. 
— Battle at Milliken's Bend, June 6, 7. — Battle of Gettys- 
burg, July 1-3. — Surrender of Yicksburg, July 4. — Sur- 
render of Port Hudson, July 8. — Mississippi River now 
open to navigation. — Anti-draft riots in Xew York, July 
13-15.— Battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19. — Battles before 
Chattanooga, ]S;"ov. 23-25. — Marriage of the Prince of 



106 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1864, 1865 A.D. 

Wales. — William M. Thackeray died, Dec. 24 ; he was born, 
1811. — The French conquer Mexico, and occupy the capi- 
tal. — War between Germany and Denmark. — Quarrel 
between the government and the chamber continues in 
Prussia. — Freedom of the serfs in Russia. — Gold, copper, 
iron, and platinum mines discovered in the United States. 

— Opening of the Atlantic and Great Western railroad, 

ISOY. 18. 

1864 Gen. U. S. Grant appointed commander-in-chief of the army 

of the U. S., March 12. — Expedition to Mansfield, which 
fails, April 8. — Battle of the Wilderness, May 5-7. — Bat- 
tle of Pvesaca, May 15. — Battle of Dalton, May 28. — Battle 
of Piedmont, June 5. — Assaults on Petersburg, in which 
the Union forces lose about 10,000 men in four days. — The 
Alabama sunk by the U. S. steamer Kearsarge, June 19. 

— Great naval victory at Mobile, Aug. 5. — Battle of Win- 
chester, Sept. 19. — Lincoln re-elected president of the 
United States, Nov. 8. — Sherman commences his " March 
to the Sea," Nov. 16. — Battle of Nashville, Dec. 15, 16.— 
Savannah occupied by Gen. Sherman, Dec. 21, which com- 
pletes his "March to the Sea." — Nevada admitted to the 
Union. — The Ionian Isles ceded to Greece. — Treaty be- 
tween France and Japan. — Establishment of the Mexican 
empire, with Maximilian of Austria as emperor. — Quarrel 
between Spain and Peru. — Transfer of the Italian capital 
from Turin to Florence. — War between Denmark and 
Austria, and peace concluded, Oct. 30. — A new alloy dis- 
covered by M. Micolon of Paris. — Diamonds found in Aus- 
tria. — New gun-metal invented. 

1865 Capture of Fort Fisher, Jan. 15. — Evacuation of Charleston 

by the Confederates, Feb. 17. — Capture of AYilmington, 
Feb. 19. — Lincoln's second term of office begins, March 4. 

— Battle of Five Forks, April 1. — Richmond taken by the 
Union forces, April 3. — Lee surrenders to Gen. Grant, 
April 9. — Assassination of President Lincoln, April 14. — 
Engagement at Boco Chico, May 12, which was the last en- 
gagement of the War of the Rebellion in the United 
States. — Purchase of Alaska by the United States. — 



1866-1868 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 107 

Commercial treaty between England and Austria. — Death 
of Richard Cobden, April 2. — Treaty between France and 
Sweden. — Students' riots in Paris. — Peace concluded be- 
tween Spain and Peru. — Spain relinquishes St. Domingo. 

— War between Spain and Chili. — Bank of Italy estab- 
lished. — Great financial difficulty in the Austrian empire. 

— Convention of Gastein. — The i^rovince of " Turkestan," 
in Central Asia, created. — A machine for mining coal in- 
vented. — An emery bed found in Massachusetts of great 
value. 

1866 Passage of the Freedman's Bureau Bill over the President's 
veto. — Death of Rufus Choate, Jan. 15. — AVinfield Scott 
died, May 29. — Defeat of the Reform Bill in England.— 
Austria cedes Venetia to France, who transfers it to Italy. 

— The French occupation of Rome terminated, Dec. 11. 

Insurrection in Spain. — Spain forms a treaty with Gau- 

temala, Honduras, Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. 

The German-Italian war begins. — Battle of Custoza. 

Battle of Nachos, June 27. — Battle of Sadowa, July 2. — 
Naval battle at Lissa, July 20. — Peace of Nicholsburg, 
Aug. 30.— Austria retires from the German Confederation. 

— Formation of the North German Confederation, with 
Prussia at the head. — Hanover annexed to Prussia. — Dip- 
lomatic quarrel between Russia and Rome. — The suspen- 
sion-bridge at Cincinnati opened, Dec. 1. — Cable laid 
between Valencia, Ii^eland, and Trinity Bay, Newfound- 
land. 

1867 Nebraska admitted to the Union. — Trouble between Presi- 

dent Johnson and Congress. — Southern States under mili- 
tary rule. — Emperor Maximilian of Mexico shot, June 19. 

— War between England and Abyssinia. — Fenian rebel- 
lion in Ireland. — The London Conference settles the Lux- 
embourg question. — Great exposition at Paris opened, 
AjDril 1.— A new constitution adopted by Austria. — Llun- 
gary becomes an independent kingdom. — Formation of the 
new Zollverein in Germany. — Railway over Mont Cenis 
opened, Nov. 28. 

1868 Impeachment, trial, and acquittal of President Johnson.— 



1Q3 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1869-1871 a.d. 

Treaty between the United States and China. — War be- 
tween England and Abyssinia ended. — Riots in Bordeaux 
in March, and in Paris in June, — Kevolution in Spain suc- 
cessful, and the queen takes refuge in France. — Provisional 
government organized at Madrid, Oct. 8. — Civil marriages 
authorized in Austria. — Poland disappears from the map 
of the Russian empire. — A new comet discovered by Dr. 
Winnecke. — Prof. Tyndall's discoveries in the action of 
light. 

1869 Union Pacific railroad completed. — Gen. U. S. Grant made 

president of the United States. — The Irish Church dis- 
established. — Great radical success in the French elections. 
— Outbreak of the Carlists and republicans in Spain. — 
Serious disturbance in Dalmatia. — Suez Canal opened. — 
The French Atlantic cable laid. — Remarkable display of 
the aurora borealis in the United States and Canada. 

1870 The Washington treaty. — Ratification of the Fifteenth 

Amendment to the Constitution of the United States by 
the several States. — Death of Charles Dickens, June 9 ; he 
was born, 1812. — War between France and Prussia be- 
gins, July 19. — Battle of Gravelotte, Aug. 18. — Battle of 
Sedan, Sept. 1. — Revolution in Paris; fall of the French 
empire. — Republic of France proclaimed, Sept. 7. — Siege 
of Paris began. — The German empire formed. — Rome 
captured by the Italian army, Sept. 20. — Rome annexed to 
Italy, and made the capital. — The duke of Aosta elected 
king of Spain. — Marshall Prim assassinated, Dec. 29. — 
The king of Prussia elected emperor of Germany. — The 
electric light used during the siege of Paris. — The electric 
buo}^ invented. — Diamonds discovered in Africa. — Inven- 
tion of the chronoscope. — Mt. Cenis Tunnel opened. 

1871 Meeting of the Alabama Claims Commission at Geneva. — 

Paris bombarded by the Germans. — An armistice, Feb. 28 ; 
meeting of the Assembly at Bordeaux. — Peace between 
Germany and France. — Revolt of the Commune. — Sec- 
ond siege and capture of Paris. — The Germans deprive 
France of Alsace and Lorraine. — Treaty of Peace between 
Germany and France. — Important reforms in the Austrian 
a'overnment. 



1872-1875 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. 109 

1872 Settlement of the Alabama claims. — U. S. Grant re-elected 

president of the United States. — Passage of the Secret 
Ballot Act in England. — Government of France reorgan- 
ized. — Beginning of the Carlist war. —Attempt on the 
lives of the king and queen of Spam. — The Jesuits ex- 
pelled from the German empire. — l^ew peers created in 
Prussia. — Quarrel between Eussia and Khiva. 

1873 Suspension of the bank of Jay Cook & Co. —Great financial 

crisis in the United States. — The Modoc war begins.— 
Federal officers are forbidden to hold State offices in the 
United States. — Telegraph between the United States and 
Europe completed. — "Supreme Court of Judicature Act" 
passed. — Payment of Alabama indemnity by England. — 
Capture of the Virginius by the Cubans announced at 
Washington. — Death of Prof. Agassiz; he was born in 
1807. — Death of John Stuart Mill; he was born in 1806. 

— Shah of Persia visits England. — New treaty of com- 
merce between England and France. — Death of Su' Ed- 
ward Landseer; born in 1802. —Death of Lord Lytton; 
he was born in 1805. — Resignation of M. Thiers as presi- 
dent of the French republic; Marshal MacMahon elected 
as his successor. — Abdication of King Amadeus of Spain. 

— "Republican form of government adopted by the Cortes. 

— International exhibition at Vienna opened. — First re- 
ception of foreign ministers by the emperor of China at 
Pekin. 

1874 Transit of Venus. — Visit of King Kalakaua of the Sand- 

wich Islands to the United States. — The " Currency Bill " 
vetoed by the president. — Death of Charles Sumner ; he 
was born 1811. — Resignation of Gladstone, and appoint- 
ment of Disraeli as prime minister of England. — The 
" Tichborne " trial. — Visit of the czar of Russia to Eng- 
land. — Spain declared in a state of siege. — Prince Al- 
phonso proclaimed king of Spain. — Death of Strauss ; 
born 1808. — Death of Guizot ; born 1787. 

1875 Arctic expedition sails from Portsmouth. — Great revival 

movement under Moody and Sankey in the United States. 
— Consecration of the first cardinal in the United States. 



110 HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1876-1878 a.d. 

— United States Senate ratifies the treaty with Hawaii. — 
Civil Rights Bill passed by United States Congress. — A 
new treaty between Belgium, and the United States con- 
cluded. — Death of Andrew Johnson; he was born, 1808. — 
Great fire in Virginia City, Nevada. — Foundering of steam- 
ship Pacific. — Great floods at Toulouse. — Purchase by Eng- 
land of Khedive's shares in the Suez Canal. 

1876 Centennial of the United States celebrated at Philadelphia. 

— Telephone first brought into public use in the United 
States by Prof. A. G. Bell. — Colorado admitted to the 
Union. — The Sioux war. — E,. B. Hayes inaugurated presi- 
dent of the United States, March 5. — Gen. Custer and 
command massacred by the Sioux in June. — Secretary 
Belknap impeached by the House, but acquitted by the 
Senate. — Postal treaty between the United States and 
Japan. — Termination of the English extradition treaty 
announced. — Death of James Lick ; born, 1796. — Great 
cyclone in eastern Bengal. — Burning of Brooklyn Theatre. 

— The Ashtabula disaster. 

1877 Labor riots at Pittsburgh, Pa. — Meeting of the International 

Fish Commission at Halifax. — Federal troops recalled from 
the South. — Nez Perces war. — Election of Gen. Diaz as 
president of the Republic of Mexico. — Queen Victoria 
formally proclaimed empress of India. — Death of Sir 
William Fergusson ; born, 1808 ; president of Royal College 
of Surgeons. — Russia declares war against Turkey. — Col- 
lision, off Cape May, of steamers Seminole and Montgomery, 
113 lives lost. — Great colliery explosion in France. — 
Death of Capt. Frederick Sharbush, supposed to be 111 
years old. — The town of Iquique, in Peru, destroyed by an 
earthquake. — Death of Rev. Tyler Lewis, D.D., LL.D. ; 
born, 1802. 

1878 The Silver Bill passed by United States Congress. — Death of 

William Cullen Bryant; he was born 1794. — Award of the 
Halifax fishery commission. — A total eclipse of the sun, 
July 29. — Death of Caleb Gushing; he was born, 1800. — 
General introduction of the electric light, and of the 
elevated railroad. — Yellow fever in the Southern States. 



1879-1881 A.D.] HANDBOOK OF DATES. HI 

— Opening of the Universal International Exposition at 
Paris, May 1. — Death of Christiana, dowager queen of 
Spain. — Great financial crisis in Egypt, and complete 
revolution. — A famine in China. — Negotiations between 
Russia and Turkey for peace begun. 

1879 Passage of the Army A]3propriation Bill by Congress of the 

United States. — Ute war in the United States begins. — 
Insurrection in the city of Mexico suppressed. — War de- 
clared by Chili against Peru. — Extradition treaty between 
Great Britain and Spain signed at Madrid. — Prince Louis 
Napoleon killed in the Zulu war in South Africa. — Resig- 
nation of Mac Mahon as president of the French republic, 
and election of M. Jules Grevy. — Death of Pope Pius IX. 

— Death of Prince William, of Orange. — Adrianople, in 
Turkey, evacuated by the Russian forces. — Attempt to 
assassinate the emperor of Russia. — Great earthquake in 
Persia which destroyed 21 villages. — A revolution in 
Ilayti. 

1880 James A. Garfield elected president of the United States. — 

Negotiation and signing of two treaties between the United 
States government and China, one relating to Chinese 
immigration, the other to commerce. — Great strike of 
miners at Leadville. — Anti-Chinese riot in Denver. — Death 
of George Eliot, the English novelist ; born about 1820. — 
Trial of Mr. Parnell for seditious conspiracy. — Disturbances 
in Ireland. — Passage of the Army Bill in Germany. — 
First congress of Italian ship-owners. — Murder of Dr. 
Parsons, American missionary to Turkey. — Inauguration 
of Gen. Don Julio A. Roca as president of the Argentine 
Republic. — Opening of Melbourne International Exhibition. 

1881 James A. Garfield, president of the United States, assassinated 

by Guiteau. — Land League agitation in the United 
States. — Anti-Jewish movement in Germany. — Land 
trouble riots and outrages in Ireland. — Assassination of 
Alexander II,, emperor of Russia. — Death of Thomas Car- 
lyle ; he was born in 1795. — Death of Benjamin Disraeli, 
Earl of Beaconsfield. — Publication of the revised edition 
of the New Testament. 

\ 



112 [HANDBOOK OF DATES. [1882, 1883 a.d. 

1882 Hanging of Guitean, the assassin of President Garfield. — Bi- 

centennial celebration of the landing of William Penn. — 
Chinese agitation in the United States. — Death of Henry 
AV. Longfellow. — Death of Ralph Waldo Emerson. — 
Veto of the " River and Harbor Bill " by the president, 
Ang. 1. — Queen Victoria shot at by MacLean. — Assassi- 
nation of Cavendish and Burke in Phoenix Park, Dublin. — 
Death of Charles Darwin. — Conclusion of a treaty of peace 
between Bolivia and Chili. — The Egyptian war ended. — 
Death of the Rev. Dr. Edward B. Pusey. 

1883 The N'ewhall House, Milwaukee, destroyed by fire, and over 

100 lives lost. — Death of Paul A. Chadbourn, Feb. 13.— 
Death of Peter Cooper, April 4. — Opening of the jSTew 
York and Brooklyn bridge. May 24 ; panic on the bridge, 
May 30. — Attempt to blow up the government offices in 
Westminster, England. — 268 persons burned and killed in 
' a circus in Russian Poland. — Alexander TIL crowned czar 

of all the Russians, May 27. — Death of M. Gambetta, 
Jan. 1. — The German Government Church Bill passed. — 
The French occupy Tonquin. — The town of Casamicciola, 
on the island of Ischia, almost entirely destroyed by an 
earthquake, over 4,000 persons killed. — Revolt in Spain. 
— W^ar in Tonquin. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



Abbas, race of, extinguished by the Fatimites, 989. 
Abd-el-Kader, surrender of, to the French, 1847. 
Abel murdered by Cain, 3875 B.C. 
Abelard, Peter, died, April 21, 1142. 
Abraham, born, 1996 B.C. ; died 175. 
Absalom rebels, and is killed by Joab, 1023 B.C. 
Acadius, counsellor to Gondeband, 501. 

Accursius, famous lawyer, and author of the " Glosses," lived, 1216. 
Achsean republic, its foundation laid, 284 B.C. 
Actium, battle of, 31 b.c. 

Adams, John, received as minister to England in 1785; inaugu- 
rated second president of the United States, 1797. 
Adams, John Quincy, inaugurated president of the United States 

in 1825 ; born in 1767 ; died, 1848. 
Addison, Joseph, born, 1672 ; died, 1719. 
Admiralty court instituted in 1347. 
Adrianople made the seat of the Turkish empire in 1366 ; peace 

of, 1829. 
Adrian's expedition to Britain, 117 ; builds a wall between Carlisle 

and Newcastle in 121 ; rebuilds Jerusalem and erects a temple 

to Jupiter, 130; dies at Bai?e m 138. 
-^gina and Athens war together, 489 b.c; becomes a tributary 

and ally to Athens in 455 b.c. 
-^gospotamos, battle of ; the Athenian fleet defeated by Lysander, 

405 B.C. 
^schylus first gains the prize for tragedy, 486 b.c. ; born, 525 B.C., 

and died, 456 b.c 
^sopus, a celebrated fabulist, supposed to have flourished about 

620 B.C. 
^tius defeats the Goths, 437. 
^tna, Mt., a dreadful eruption of, in 1754. 



116 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Afghan war begins in 1828; again in 1838. 

Afghans, usurpation of, in Persia ended in 1730. 

Agathocles, defeated by the Carthaginians, carries war into Africa, 

310 B.C. 
Agassiz, born, 1807; died, 1873. 
Agincourt, battle of, Oct. 25, 1415. 
Agis, King of Sparta, put to death, 211 B.C. 
Agrarian law first proposed at Rome by Cassius, 486 b.c. ; revived, 

232 B.C., and again in 100 b.c. 
Agrigentuin founded, 582 B.C. 
Agrippa builds the aqueducts at Rome, B.C. 19 ; she goes to Syria 

and Judaea, 16 B.C. 
Aignadel, battle of, 1509. 

Aix-la-Chapelle, the peace of, between France and Spain, 1608. 
Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, between the French and English in 

America, in 1748. 
Alabama admitted to the Union as a State in 1819 ; secedes from 

the Union, Jan. 11, 1861. 
Alabarna claims, settlement of, in 1872. 
Alans extirpated by the Goths, 417. 
Alarick, king of the Goths, overruns Europe, 401 ; he is defeated 

by Stilicho, 403. 
Alaska purchased by the United States, 1865. 
Albans St., battle of, 1455. 
Alba-Longa built by Ascanius, 1152 b.c. ' 
Albert, Prince, died Dec. 14, 1861. 
Albigenses, persecution of, 1210. 
Alcseus, the poet, flourished, B.C. 607. 
Alcibiades, born, 450 B.C. ; died, 404 b.c. 
Alcman of Sardis, the lyric poet, flourished, b.c. 670. 
Alcuin, Anglo-Saxon theologian, and most learned man of his age, 

born, 725 ; died, 804. 
Alexander proclaimed king of Poland, 1815. 
Alexander the Great, born, b.c. 356 ; died, b.c. 323, at Babylon. 
Alexander II. of Russia assassinated in 1881. 
Alexandra governs Judaea, b.c. 79. 
Alexandria, city of, built by Alexander, B.C. 332 ; college and 

library of, founded, 283 b.c. Taken by Julius Caesar, and the 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 117 

library destroyed, B.C. 47; taken by Octavius, B.C. 30, and by 

Dioclesian, 296. 
Alfred the Great, defeated by the Danes, 872 ; defeats them, 878 ; 

divides England into counties, and composes his laws about 890. 
Algiers, taken July 5, 1830. 
AUston, Washington, born, 1779 ; died, 1843. 
Alma, battle of, Sept. 20, 1854. 
Almamon orders his astronomers to measure a degree of latitude 

on the plains of Sinjar, near Babylon, in 819. 
Alphonso defeats the Moors in 797. 

Alphonso defeats the Moors and becomes king of Portugal in 1139. 
Alphonso, Prince, proclaimed king of Spam in 1874. 
Alum mines discovered in Italy in 1460. 
Alva, duke of, arrived in the Netherlands, and established the 

" Council of Blood," 1567. 
Amadeus, king of Spain, abdicates, 1873. 
Amazons burned the temple of Ephesus, 1141 b.c. 
Ambassadors, Roman, first appear at Athens and Corinth, 228 B.C. 
Amboise, conspiracy of ; begins civil wars in France in 1560. 
Ambrose, St., made bishop of Milan, 374; ob., 397. 
America discovered by Columbus in 1492. 
American colonies revolt in 1773. 
Amiens, treaty of, 1475 ; peace of, Oct. 1, 1801 ; treaty of. May 27, 

1802. 
Amnesty, decree of, excludes the Bonapartes forever from the 

throne of France, 1816. 
Amphictyonic Council established, 1497 b.c. 

Amphipolis, fomided, B.C. 437 ; taken by Brasidas, 424 b.c. ; sur- 
renders to Philip, B.C. 358. 
Amphitheatre of Rome, built by Titus, a.d. 80. 
Amos, the prophet, flourished, 790 B.C. 
Anabaptists, insurrection of in Westphalia, 1533. 
Anacharsis, the Scythian, lived, B.C. 592. 
Anacreon, the poet, flourished, B.C. 532. 
Analysis, spectrum, invented, Bunsen and Kirchoff, 1860. 
Anaxagoras, of Clazomense, the philosopher, born, b.c. 499 ; died, 

427 B.C. 
Anaximander of Miletus flourished, B.C. 568. 



118 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Anaximenes, born about 556 B.C. See Anaximander. 

Ancus Martius, the foui-th Roman king, B.C. 618. 

Andre, capture of, the British s]3y ; executed, Oct. 2, 1780. 

Andronicus of Rhodes, peripatetic philosopher, lived, b.c. 59. 

Andronicus orders all the Latins in Constantinople to be murdered, 

1184. 
Anna, Santa, elected president of Mexico, 1833. 
Anson, Commodore, completes his voyage around the world, 1744. 
Antietam, battle of, Sep. 17, 1862. 

Antigonus restores liberty to Athens, 256 b.c. / 

Antigua settled by the English, 1632. 
Antioch, founded by Seleucus, 304 b.c. ; consumed by fire, 525 a.d. ; 

destroyed by the king of Persia, 540 ; rebuilt, 542 ; destroyed 

by an earthquake, 580. 
Antiochus I. wages war with Rome, 192 b.c; is defeated by 

Scipio, 190 B.C. ; made peace with Rome, 189 B.C. ; defeated 

and killed in Media, 187 B.C. 
Antiochus II., expedition into Egjrpt, 172 B.C. and 171 B.C. ; defeats 

Ptolemy's generals ; takes Jerusalem and plunders the temple, 

170 B.C. ; is defeated and killed, 130 B.C. 
Antipater, L. Cselius, lived, 121 B.C. 
Antipater of Sidon, poet, lived, 80 B.C. 
Antoinette, Marie, execution of, Oct. 16, 1793. 
Antonius, Marcus, Roman orator, flourished, B.C. 113 ; seizes the 

kingdom of Armenia, 34 B.C. ; defeated, 31 b.c. ; kills himself, 

30 B.C. Called Mark Anthony in English. 
Antonius defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians, 145 ; dies, 161. 
Antrim, battle of, June 7, 1798. 
Antwerp, treaty of, 1715. 
Aosta, Duke of, elected king of Spain, 1870. 
Apelles of Cos, the painter, 334 b.c. 
Apion of Alexandria, grammarian, a.d. 33. 
Apocrypha, its history ends, 135 B.C. 

Apollo, temple of, burned, B.C. 549 ; consecrated, B.C. 433. 
ApoUonius killed by Judas Maccabseus, b.c. 166. 
Apuleius lived, 147. 
Aratus, with his fellow-citizens, joins the Achaean League, b.c. 251 ; 

poisoned by Philip, b.c. 213. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 119 

Arbela, battle of, Alexander defeats Darius, b.c. 331. 

Arc, Joan, of, burned as a sorceress at Rouen, May 30, 1431. 

Archagatlius, the first physician at Rome, B.C. 219. 

Archelaus lays the foundation for the culture of Macedon, B.C. 413. 

Archias, founder of Syracuse, 732 b.c. 

Archimedes, mathematician, born at Syi'acuse, flourished, 250 B.C. 

Archilochus, poet, invented the Iambic verse, 686 b.c. 

Archons, decennial, begin at Athens, 754 B.C. ; annual, 684 B.C. 

Areola, battle of, N'ov. 14-17, 1796. 

Ardeville, battle of, 1618. 

Arete, female philosopher of Cyrene, flourished, 377 B.C. 

Aretin, Peter, lived, 1538. 

Argives become masters of Corinth, 393 B.C. 

Argos, national congress of, held in, 1823. 

Argonauts' expedition to Colchis about 1250 B.C. 

Argos, kingdom of, begins, 1856 b.c 

Arien reforms the Theodosian code of laws, 506. 

Arikera, battle of, May 14, 1791. 

Aristarchus of Alexandria, the grammarian, lived, b.c. 156. 

Aristarchus, the tragic poet, lived, b.c. 453. 

Aristides, contemporary of Themistocles, died, 468 b.c. 

Aristobiilus, the first high priest who wore a crown, lived, B.C. 104 

Aristodemus of Crete, the grammarian, lived, 68 b.c. 

Aristotle, born, 384 B.C. ; observed the moon's transit over Mars, 
B.C. 357; died, 322 b.c. 

Aristophanes, the comic poet, born, B.C. 444; died, 380 B.C. 

Arithmetic brought into Europe, 941. 

Arkansas made a separate Territory in 1819 ; admitted to the 
Union in 1836 ; secedes from the Union, May 6, 1861. 

Armada, Spanish, destroyed, 1588. 

Armagnac, massacre of that faction in Paris, 1418. 

Armenia, divided between the Persians and Romans in 412; be- 
comes a Roman province, 114. 

Arminius, German general, defeats the Romans, 10 a.d. 

Arnold, Benedict, treason of, in America, 1780. 

Arnold of Buscia burned at Rome, 1155. 

Arnolph of Germany defeats the Normans, 891 ; takes Rome, 896 ; 
is defeated by Hugh, king of Italy, 932. 



120 ~ HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Arragon, kingdom of, founded, 828. 

Arras, treaty of, 1435. 

Arsacides ended in Persia, 229. 

Artaxerxes, son of Xerxes, flourished, 374 B.C. 

Arthur, prince, murdered, 542. 

Arts, Royal Academy of, established in London in 1768. 

Arundelian marbles, chronology of, begins, 1582 B.C. 

Ascanius IL, king of the Latins, 1152 B.C. 

Asdrubal, defeated and killed by Claudius Nero, 207 B.C. 

Ashbm'ton or first Washington treaty between the United States 
and England, 1842. 

Ashtabula disaster, 1876. 

Asmonsean family ends, 37 B.C. 

Assam, capture of, 1825. 

Assassination plot discovered in 1696. 

Assaye, battle of, Sept. 23, 1803. 

Assembly, National, dissolves, Sept. 29, 1791. 

Assyria, kingdom of, established, 259 B.C. ; ends, 900 B.C. 

Astorga seized by the French, April 21, 1810. 

Astronomy, science of, brought into Europe by the Moors about 
1220. 

Asturias in Spain, kingdom of, founded by Pelagio, 718. 

Athanasius, St., lived, 331. 

Athenagoras lived, 168. 

Athens, battle of, Aug. 5, 1861. 

Athens, kingdom of, founded, 1556 B.C., or 730 years before the 
first Olympiad, and ends, 1088 B.C. ; sends a colony to Naxos, 
B.C. 453 ; at the height of its prosperity, B.C. 448 ; lose a battle 
with Boeotians, b.c. 447; make a thirty years' truce with the 
Lacedaemonians, B.C. 446; its walls rebuilt by Conon, B.C. 
394; taken by Demetrius Poliocretes, b.c. 296; they revolt, 
287 B.C. ; taken by Antigonus Gobratus, b.c. 268. 

Atlantic cable, first completed in August, 1858. 

Attains of Rhodes, astronomer and grammarian, lived, B.C. 173. 

Attenkirchen, battle of, June 1, 1796. 

Attica laid waste for more than 200 years by the deluge of Ogyges, 

1764 B.C. 
Attila, king of the Huns, begins his reign, 413 ; ravages Europe, 
447. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 121 

Auerstadt, battle of, Oct. 14, 1806. 

Augsburg, League of, against France, 1686. 

Augsburg, Diet of, 1530. 

Augustin the monk goes to England, 597. 

Augustine, St., founded, 1565. 

Augustines, order of, founded, 1256. 

Aurelian killed near Byzantium, 275. 

Aurelius, Marcus, emperor of Eome, born, a.d. 121 ; died, 180 a.d. 

Austerlitz, battle of, Dec. 2, 1805. 

Australia, West, made a province, 1829. 

Austrian succession, war of the, began, 1741-1748. 

Austrian Empire, great financial difficulty, 1865. 

Austria retires from the German confederation, 1866. 

Avari become masters of Great Tartary, 402 ; empire ends, 552 ; 

they defeat the Romans, 590 ; are expelled from Thrace, 593 ; 

take and plunder Constantinople, 618. 
Avignon, University of, founded, 1302. 
Avignon becomes the seat of the popes, 1308. 

Babel, tower of, built about 2247 b.c. 

Babington's conspiracy occurred in 1586. 

Baboeuf's conspiracy fails in 1797. 

Babylon taken by Cyrus, which terminates the kingdom, B.C. 538 ; 

city of, taken by Darius, b.c. 516 ; city of, taken by Seleucus, 

312 B.C. 
Bacon, lord Francis, born 1561 ; died, 1626. 
Badajos, peace of, 1801 ; storming of, April 6, 1812. 
Bagdad, city of, built by ALmansor, 762 ; taken by the Turks, 

1055. 
Baillie, Joanna, born 1762 ; died, 1841. 
Bajazet taken, Sept. 9, 1828. 
Balaklava, battle of, Oct. 25, 1854. 
Balbec and Tripoli destroyed by an earthquake, 1759. 
Baldwin defeats the Saracens, 1102 ; takes Ptolemais, 1104 ; defeats 

the Turks, 1119 ; defeats the Saracens again in 1125. 
Bank of Italy established, 1865. 



122 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Bank of England incorporated, 1694 ; stops payment, Feb. 27, 1797. 
Bank, United States, established at Philadelphia, 1791 ; suspends 

payment, 1839. 
Banking house, first one established at Venice, 1171. 
Bahnockburn, battle of, Bruce defeats the English, June 24, 1314. 
Barbarossa seizes the kingdom of Tunis, 1534. 
Barcelona reduced by the English, 1705 ; insurrection at, 1842. 
Bardas usurps the Eastern Empire, 976. 
Barnet, battle of, 1471. 
Barneveldt, John, executed, 1619. 
Barometers invented by Torricelli, 1643. 
Bartholomew, St., massacre of, at Paris, 1572. 
Basilius, the last consul at Rome, 542. 
Bassien, peace of, 1802. 
Bastile, overthrow of, July 14, 1789. 
Bavaria, kingdom of, established by ISTapoleon, 1805. 
Baxter, Richard, died, 1691. 
Beattie, James, born, 1735 ; died, 1803. 
Beauge, battle of, 1420. 
Bedmore taken by Tippoo, 1783. 
Belgium annexed to the Netherlands, 1814 ; most of it ceded to 

Austria, 1815 ; becomes an independent State, 1830. 
Belgrade, siege of, Turks repulsed, 1456 ; taken by the Turks, 1521. 
Belisarius invades Persia, 528; gains Sicily, 535; takes Naples, 

536 ; and Rome, 537 ; dies, 565. 
Belknap, secretary, impeached by the House, but acquitted by the 

Senate, 1876. 
Bells introduced into churches in 605. 
Bemis Heights, battle of, Sept. 19, 1777. 
Benedictine monks, order of, instituted, 529. 
Bennington, battle of, Aug. 16, 1777. 
Bergen-op-Zoom, taken by the French in 1747. 
Berlin, taken and plundered by the Austrians and Russians in 

1760 ; French enter the city in 1806. 
Bernard, St., lived, 1132. 

Berosus, the Chaldsean historian, lived, 268 B.C. 
Berwick, siege of, 1405. 
Bessarion, cardinal, lived, 1452. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 123 

Bessemer process of making steel made known in 1856. 

Beyrout, battle of, 1840. 

Big Bethel, battle of, June 10, 1861. 

Bilbao, battle of, 1836. 

Bishops, seven, trial of the, in 1686. 

Black Hawk war in the United. States in 1832. 

Black River, battle of. May 17, 1863. 

Blake, admiral, lived, 1654. 

Bligh, Gov., deposed from tyranny in Australia, 1808. 

Bloody Assizes, held by Jeffreys, who hanged 320 persons in 1685. 

Boadicea, British queen, defeats the Romans, but is conquered by 
Suetonius, a.d. 61. 

Boccacio, Jovanni, lived, 1355. 

Boco Chico, engagement at. May 12, 1865, last battle of the Rebel- 
lion in the United States. 

Bohemia made a kingdom in 1119. 

Bohemians defeated by the Imperialists at Prague in 1620. 

Boleyn, Anne, beheaded. May 19, 1536. 

Bombay yielded to the English, in 1661. 

Boniface propagates Christianity in Germany in 719. 

Book, the first one, printed in 1462, being the " Vulgate Bible." 

Borodino, battle of, 1812. 

Boston, massacre of, 1770 ; city of, founded in 1630. 

Bosworth Field, battle of, 1485. 

BothwelFs conspiracy, 1593. 

Bourbon dynasty restored in France in 1814. 

Bouvines, battle of, Aug. 27, 1214. 

Bowles, W. L., born, 1762 ; died, 1850. 

Boyle, Robert, lived, 1675. 

Bozzaris, Marco, died, 1823. 

Braddock, defeated and killed, July 9, 1755. 

Brandy wine, battle of, Sept. 11, 1777. 

Breda, peace of, 1667. 

Brennus, with an army of Gauls, defeated near the temple of 
Delphi, 278 b.c. 

Brest, battle of, June 1, 1794. 

Briar Creek, battle of, March 3, 1779. 

Bridge, East River, opening of, 1883. 



124 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Bristol surrenders to Prince Rupert in 1643; riots in, 1831. 
Britain found to be an island, 85 a.d. ; war finished there by Mar- 

cellus in 183. 
Britain, South, reduced to a Roman province by Agricola, a.d. 82. 
Britains, under Prince Arthur, defeat the Saxons, 487 ; defeat the 

Anglo-Saxons at Bath, 520. 
British evacuate Boston, March 17, 1776 ; occupy Philadelphia, 

Sept. 26, 1777 ; evacuate Philadelphia, June 18, 1778 ; evacuate 

]^ew York, Nov. 25, 1783. 
Brooklyn Theatre, burned, 1876 ; bridge completed, 1883. 
Brougham, Henry, born, 1779. 
Brown, Charles B., born, 1771 ; died, 1810. 
Browne, Sir Thomas, died, 1682. 

Brown's, John, insurrection, 1859 ; execution of, Oct. 16, 1859. 
Bruce, Robert, died, 1329. 

Bruges taken by the duke of Marlborough, 1706. 
Brussels taken by the duke of Marlborough in 1706. 
Bryant, William'^Cullen, born, :N"ov. 3, 1794; died, 1878. 
Bubble, South Sea, bursts, Sept. 29, 1720. 
Bucharest, treaty of, 1812. 
Buckingham, duke of, murdered in 1628. 
Buena Vista, battle of, Feb. 23, 1847. 
Buffalo burned by the English, Dec. 13, 1813. 

Bulgaria, reduced to a Roman province, 1019 ; a revolution in, 1281. 
Bulgarians ravage Thrace, 499; besiege Constantinople, 917; are 

driven out of Thessaly, 1000 ; throw off the Roman yoke in 

1186. 
Bull Run, battle of, July 21, 1861 ; second battle of, Aug. 30, 1862. 
Bunker Hill, battle of, June 17, 1775. 
Bunyan, John, died, 1688. 

Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777. 
Burgundians, kingdom of, begins at Alsace, 413 ; subdued by 

Childebert and Clotaire, 532. 
Burke, Edmund, born, 1730 ; died 1797. 
Burmese war begins, 1824. 
Burns, Robert, born, 1759 ; died, 1796. 
Bussy arrives in India with French troops in 1783. 
Byng, Admiral, shot on March 14, 1757. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 125 

Byron's conspiracy occurred in 1602. 

Byron, Lord George Gordon, born, Jan. 22, 1788 ; died, April 19, 

1824. 
Byzantium built, B.C. 658; besieged by Serverus, 194. 

C. 

Cable, Atlantic, completed, 1866. 

Cabul captured, Aug. 7, 1828 ; again in 1838. 

Cade, Jack, died, July 11, 1450. 

Cadiz evacuated by the French, and becomes a free port, 1828. 

Caesar, Julius, born, B.C. 100; died, 44 B.C. ; his expedition across 

the Rhine and into Britain, B.C. 55 ; invades Britain a second 

time, 54 B.C. ; proclaimed dictator, 49 b.c ; takes Alexandria, 

B.C. 47 ; is killed in the senate house, set. 56. 
Caesar, Caius, three days' triumph at Rome, 29 B.C. ; makes peace 

with the Parthians, a.d. 1. 
Caesar, Claudius, invades Britain, a.d. 55. 
Caesarea built b}'' Herod, B.C. 10. 
Caiaphas, high priest of the Jews, 19 a.d. 
Cain born, 4003 B.C. 

Cau'o, the Great, built by the Fatimites, 969. 
Calais taken by the Spaniards, 1596. 

California settled, 1769 ; upper, ceded to the United States, 1848. 
Caligula put to death, a.d. 41. 
Callicratidas defeated and killed, B.C. 406. 
Callisthenes, the philosopher, lived, 333 b.c. 
Cambray, League of, 1508; peace of, 1529. 
Cambridge, University of, founded by Sigebert, 644. 
Cambyses conquered Egypt, 525 b.c. ; died, 522 b.c. 
Camden, battle of, Aug. 16, 1780 ; battle of, second, April 28, 1781. 
Campbell, Thomas, born, 1777 ; died, 1844. 
Campo Santo, battle of, 1743. 
Campo Formio, treaty of, 1797. 
Canada, Upper and Lower, joined, 1841 ; seat of government 

changed from Kingston to Montreal, 1844. 
Canal began by Kecho, between the Nile and the Red sea, B.C. 

610 ; in 267 B.C. Ptolemy attempted the same thing. 
Canicular year, second of the Egyptians, begins, 136. 



126 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Cannae, battle of, in which the Romans are defeated, B.C. 216. 

Cannon first used in the English service, 1383. 

Canon law composed by Gratian, 1151. 

Cantacuzenus usurps the Eastern Empire for 17 years, 1341. 

Canute conquers Norway, 1028. 

Capitol at Rome destroyed by lightning, 188. 

Cappadocia reduced to a province, a.d. 17. 

Caracalla kills his brother Geta and many others, 212 ; he is killed 

by Maximus, 217. 
Caractacus, the British king, carried in chains to Rome, a.d. 51. 
Carausius proclaimed emperor of Britain, 287 ; is killed by Alectus, 

293. 
Carlist war begins in 1872. 
Carlos, Don, retreats to France, 1839; assigns his claims to his son, 

1845; died, 1855. 
Carlowitz, peace of, 1699. 

Carlovingian race of emperors ends in Louis III., 912. 
Carlsbad, congress of, held, 1819. 
Carlyle, Thomas, born, 1796; died, 1881. 
Carmelites, order of, instituted, 1160. 
Carnia, festival of, instituted at Sparta, 675 B.C. 
Caro, Annibal, lived, 1551. 

Carolina, South, the first State to secede from the Union, 1860. 
Carolina, North, secedes from the Union, May 20, 1861. 
Caroline, queen, trial of, Aug. 7, 1820 ; died, 1821. 
Carrick's Ford, battle of, July 13, 1861. 
Carthage, city of, founded by the Trojans, 1233 B.C. ; rebuilt by 

order of the Roman senate, 123 b.c. 
Carthusians, order of, founded by Bruno, 1086. 
Casal taken by the duke of Savoy, 1695. 
Casan, kingdom of, subdued by the Russians, 1486. 
Casamicciola destroyed by an earthquake, 1883. 
Cassel, mount, battle of, 1329. 
Cassiodorus, lived, 514. 

Cassius proposed the agrarian law at Rome, B.C. 486. 
Castile, kingdom of, begins, 1035 ; kingdoms of, with that of Leon, 

united, 1230; united with Arragon, 1479. 
Catania, city of, destroyed by an earthquake, 1173. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 127 

Catapultse, invented by Dionysius about 398 b.c. 

Catiline, contemporary of Cicero, B.C. 128; conspiracy at Rome, 
63 B.C. 

Cato said to have been born, b.c. 232. 

Cato Street conspiracy discovered, 1820. 

Catullus, Q. v., lyric poet, lived, b.c. 60. 

Cavendish's first voyage to circumnaviga.te the world, 1586. 

Cavour, born, Aug. 10, 1810 ; died, June 6, 1861. 

Cecrops, supposed to have come into Attica, 1582 b.c. 

Cedar Mountain, battle of, Aug. 9, 1862. 

Celano, battle of, in Italy, 1268. 

Celestines, order of, instituted in 1244. 

Censors, first created at Rome, B.C. 443. 

Censorship, revived at Rome, b.c. 70. 

Census in Rome, 279 B.C., 278,222 citizens; and in 294 b.c, there 
was said to be 270,000 men in Rome; in 265 B.C., there were 
292,226 citizens; in 252 b.c, 297,897; in 247 b.c, there were 
251,212 ; in 220 b.c, 270,213 ; one in 179 b.c, 273,244 effec- 
tive men; one in 169 B.C., 202,805; one in 164 b.c, 327,032; 
one in 147 b.c, 322,000. 

Centennial celebration of the United States at Philadelphia, 1876. 

Ceregnole, battle of, which ends the French power in ISTaples, 1 503 . 

Ceres came to Athens about 1383 b.c 

Cerisoles, battle of, 1544. 

Cerro Gordo, battle of, April 18, 1847. 

Cervantes died, April 23, 1616. 

Chseronea, battle of, Athenians defeated by Philip, b.c 338. 

Chalcedon, fourth general council of, 451. 

Chalmers, Thomas, born, March 17, 1780 ; died, May 30, 1847. 

Chambers, Robert, born, 1801. 

Chambersburg, burned by Gen. Stuart, Oct. 10, 1862. 

Champlain, battle of Lake, Oct. 11-13, 1776. 

Chancery, court of, instituted in England, 606. 

Channing, William E., born, 1780 ; died, 1842. 

Chanondas, the law-giver of Thurium, B.C. 446. 

Chantilly, battle of, Sept. 1, 1862. 

Charleston, attack on, June 28, 1776. 

Charles II. established the first standing army in Europe in 1444. 



X28 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Charles V. of Germany abdicates in favor of Ferdinand, 1556. 

Charles I. dissolves the English Parliament, 1G29 ; attempts to 
seize the five members of the House of Commons, Jan. 4, 1642 ; 
defeated at Edgehill, 1642 ; defeated at E"aseby, June 14, 1645 ; 
sentenced to death, Jan. 27, and beheaded, Jan. 30, 1649. 

Charles II. of England, restored, 1660 ; died, 1686. 

Charles VII. killed at Fredericshall, Dec. 11, 1718. 

Charles VI., emperor, dies, 1740. 

Charles IV. abdicates, 1808. 

Charles X. ascends the throne of France in 1824 ; abdicates in 1830. 

Charlemagne makes war against the Saxons, 772 ; terminates the 
kingdom of the Lombards by the capture of Pavia, 774 ; re- 
duces the Saxons, 776 ; restores learning in France, 778 ; he 
defeats the Abari, 791; extirpates the Huns, 794; he was 
crowned emperor of the AVest, with the title of Csesar Augus- 
tus, by Pope Leo III. in 800 ; he was born, 742, and died, 814. 

Charleston evacuated by the Confederates, Feb. 17, 1865. 

Charon, the historian, lived, B.C. 479. 

Charmidas, philosopher of the third academy, B.C. 95. 

Chatham, Lord, died, 1778. 

Chateaubriand, born, 1769 ; died, 1848. 

Chattanooga, battles before, Nov. 23-25, 1863. 

Chesapeake, American ship, fired upon by the Leopard, 1807 ; taken 
by the Shannon, June 1, 1813. 

Chickamauga, battle of, Sept. 19, 1863. 

China, all the records, etc., destroyed, B.C. 246; learning revived, 
130 B.C. ; divided into two empires in 420 ; breaks her truce 
with England, 1841. 

Chinese monarchy, founded according to some historians, 2207 
B.C. ; the empire divided into principalities, 722 B.C. ; they are 
said to have sailed to the north of California, 458. 

Chippewa, battle of, July 4, 1814. 

Chivalry flourished about 1370. 

Choate, E,ufus, died, Jan. 15, 1866. 

Choczim, battles of, 1769. 

Chosroes the Great, defeated by Justin's army, 576 ; in 580 is again 
defeated and dies of grief. 

Christiana, Queen, acts as regent for Isabella IL, 1833. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 129 

Christ, our Saviour, born four years before the common era, viz., 
5 B.C. ; crucified, a.d. 29; but according to the common era, 
born, A.D. 1, and crucified, a.d. 33. 

Christianity, introduced into Scotland, 212 ; received in France m 
496. 

Christians, name of, first given at Antioch, a.d. 40. 

Christian religion, first published in Britain, 60 a.d. ; first propa- 
gated in Persia, 408. 

Christians, first persecution of, 64 a.d. ; and second, under Domi- 
tian, 95 a.d. ; and third, under Trajan, 107 a.d. ; and under 
Adrian, 118 a.d. ; stopped by Antoninus, 152 a.d. ; persecuted 
by M. A. Antonius, 1G3 a.d.; the si:rth persecution, 235; 
seventh persecution, under Decius, 250 ; eighth persecution, 
under Yalerian, 257 ; ninth persecution, under Aurelian, 272 ; 
tenth persecution, under Diocletian, 303; persecuted in the 
East, 309 ; the tenth persecution terminated by an edict, 313 ; 
persecuted by the Parthians, 326 ; persecuted by the Vandals, 
504; defeated by Almanzor, 995; they defeat him, 998; are 
banished out of China in 1722. 

Chunar, treaty of, 1781. 

Churchill, John, duke of Marlborough, died, 1722. 

Church of England, thirty-nine articles of, established, 1566. 

Cicero, orator, born, 107 B.C.; begins to plead, 81 B.C.; banished 
from Rome, 58 B.C. ; recalled, 57 b.c. ; dies, 43 B.C. 

Cimabue, the first of the modern painters of Florence, 1267. 

Cimbri and Teutons defeat the Romans, 108 b.c, and again, 105 
B.C. ; and are defeated by them, under Marius and Catullus, 

101 B.C. 

Cimon died, 449 b.c. 

Cincinnatus appointed dictator, b.c. 458. 

Circumcision instituted, 1897 b.c. 

Circuits, justice first dispensed by them in England, 1176. 

Cis- Alpine republic, formed, 1797 ; remodelled as the Italian re- 
public in 1802. 

Civil Rights Bill passed by the United States Congress in 1875. 

Civil war between Marius and Sylla begins, B.C. 88 ; begms again, 
50 B.C. ; between Constantine and Licinius, 314. 

Clair, General St., defeated by the Indians, 1791. 



130 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Clarendon, constitution of, Jan. 25, 1164. 

Clark, Willis G., born, 1810; died, June 12, 1841. 

Clark, capture of Fort, Aug. 28, 1861. 

Claudian lived, 397. 

Claudius' expedition into Britain, a.d. 43; died, 54 a.d. 

Clay, Henry, born, 1777 ; died, 1852. 

Clemens Alexandrinus lived, 206. 

Clement I. lived, 91 a.d. 

Cleonienes kills the ephori, and restores the agrarian laws of Sparta, 

B.C. 225. 
Cleomenic war begins, B.C. 227. 
Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt, B.C. 116; dethroned 

Ptolemy, B.C. 106 ; defeated with Antony, 31 B.C. ; kills her- 
self, 30 B.C. 
Clocks first brought from Venice to Constantinople, 872. 
Closterseven, convention of, in 1757. 
Clotaire reigns over all France, 613. 
Clovis defeats the Romans at Soissons, 485. 
Cluny, monastery of, founded, 895. 
Cnidus, naval battle of, between Persians and Lacedaemonians, 

B.C. 394. 
Coaches first used in England in 1585. 
Coal first used in England in 1307. 
Cobden, Richard, died, April 2, 1865. 
Coin first used in the United States in 1792. 
Coleridge, Samuel T., born, 1772 ; died, 1834. 
Colorado admitted to the Union, 1876. 
Collins, William, born, 1720 ; died, 1756. 
Colloden, battle of, April 27, 1746. 

Colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake in 224 B.C. 
Columbia College founded in 1754. 
Columella lived, 32 a.d. 
Comedy first acted at Athens, 562 B.C. 
Comets, one in China, 525 B.C. ; another, 433 B.C. ; another, 310 B.C. ; 

one in China and the East in 172 B.C. ; one in China in the 

ninth month, 127 b.c. ; one in Asia, 130 B.C. 
Commercial panic in England in 1826 ; crisis in the United States 

in 1832; a panic in England in 1846; great crisis in the 

United States in 1857. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 131 

Commerce, first treaty of, between 'England and Venice in 1325; 

depression of, in 1810. 
Commodus makes peace with the Germans, 181 ; pnt to death, 192. 
Commune, revolt of, at Paris in 1871. 

Compass, mariner's, invented in China about 1115 B.C. ; improved 
by riavio in 1302 ; variation of, discovered by S. Cabot in 
1540. 

Conflagration, great, at Rome, B.C. 14 ; another, a.d. 27 ; another, 
64 A.D. ; one in a.d. 80, in which the capitol. Pantheon, etc., 
are destroyed ; a great part of Rome destroyed, 191 ; at Rome, 
307 ; a great one at Constantinople, 433 ; again in 446, and 
again in 451 ; a great one at Constantinople in 476 ; at Con- 
stantinople, 509 ; Constantinople almost destroyed by fire in 
563. 

Confucius lived, B.C. 520. 

Congress, First Colonial, meet in October, 1765 ; Continental or 
Second Colonial, held at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774. 

Congress, Confederate, meet at Richmond, Va., Feb. 18, 1862. 

Conon of Samos, the astronomer, lived, 246 b.c. 

Constance, council of, lasts four years, begins in 1414. 

Constans killed in Spain in 350. 

Constantine, surnamed the Great, divides Britain into four govern- 
ments, 310; gives fuU liberty to the Christians, 323; born 
about 274, and died, 337. 

Constantine, Jr., killed at Aquileia in 340. 

Constantive V. dies, 685. 

Constantinople, dedicated, 330 ; second general council of, 381 ; 
great insurrection at, in 511 ; taken by Heraclius, 610. 

Constantius carries on war against the Britains and dies, 310. 

Constantius, son of Constantine the Great, died at Tarsus, 361. 

Constitution of the United States agreed upon, Sept. 17, 1787. 

ConsiitiUion, ship, takes the ship Guerriere, Aug. 16, 1812. 

Continental Congress, or Second Colonial, held at Philadelphia, 
Sept. 5, 1774. 

Cooper, J. Fenimore, born, 1789 ; died, Sept. 14, 1851. 

Copenhagen, treaty of, 1727 ; battle of, April 2, 1801. 

Copernicus, born, 1473 ; died, 1543. 

Copper money first used in Scotland and Ireland in 1340. 



132 IIANDBCOK OF DATES, 

Cordova, kingdom of, in Spain, founded, 754. 

Corinth, battle of, Oct. 4, 1862. 

Corinth, built, 1384 B.C. ; citadel taken by Aratus, B.C. 243 ; de- 
stroyed by L. Mummius, B.C. 146. 

Corinthian war begins, B.C. 394. 

Coriolanus banished from Kome, B.C. 491. 

Cork exhibition open in 1852. 

Corn laws, repeal of, in England in 1846. 

Cornwallis, surrender of, at Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781. 

Coroebus, victor at what is vulgarly called the first Olympiad, but 
the twenty-eighth from their institution by Iphetus, B.C. 776. 

Corporation Reform Bill passed in England, Sept. 9, 1835. 

Corsica subdued by the Romans, b.c. 231. 

Cortes, Fernando, died, 1547. 

Corunna, battle of, Jan. 16, 1809. 

Cotton gin invented, 1793, by Eli Whitney. 

Council of ten succeed the Thirty Tyrants, B.C. 403. 

Council of State re-established in Prussia in 1852. 

Coutras, battle of, 1587. 

Cowpens, battle of, Jan. 17, 1781. 

Cox, William, died, 1851. 

Cracow, city of, built, 698 ; university of, founded, 1347. 

Crampton, the British minister at Washington, dismissed in 1856. 

Cranmer, burning of, March 21, 1556. 

Crassus, Lucius, Roman orator, flourished, B.C. 110; killed, and his 
army defeated by the Parthians, b.c. 53. 

Crates, the philosopher, lived, b.c. 269. 

Cratinus, the comic poet, flourished b.c. 437. 

Cressy, battle of, in 1346. 

Crete reduced to a Roman province, b.c. 6^ ; seized by the Sara- 
cens and called Candia, 823. 

Crimea ceded to Russia in 1784. 

Crimean war began in 1854 ; ends in 1856. 

Crispus, falsely accused, is put to death, 326. 

Croesus defeated by Cyrus, b.c. 548. 

Croty, George, died, 1800. 

Cromwell, Thomas, earl of Essex, beheaded, July 28, 1540. 

Cromwell defeats the Scots, 1650; dissolves the long parliament, 
1653 ; proclaimed protector, 1653. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. I33 

Crown Point taken by the English, July 5, 1777. 

Crusade, the first, announced by Urban II., Nov. 18-28, 1095, 

ends, 1099; second, 1147; third, in 1188; fourth, in 1196; fifth, 

in 1198; sixth, in 1203 ; they ended, 1291. 
Crysostom, St., lived, 396. 
Crystal Palace opened in 1854. 
Ctesias, born at Cnidus, 471 b.c, and died, 337 B.C. 
Ctesibius of Alexandria, the inventor of hydraulic instruments, 

B.C. 136. 
Cuba conquered by the Spaniards in 1511. 
Curiatii and Horatii, combat between the three, b.c. 667. 
Currency Bill vetoed by the president of the United States in 1874. 
Curtius, Quintus, lived, 64 a.d. 

Custer, General, and command massacred by the Sioux, June, 1876. 
Cyaxares and Nabopolassar take and destroy Nineveh, b.c. 606. 
Cylon institutes a revolution at Athens, b.c. 612. 
Cynoscephalse, battle of, Philip defeated by the Eomans, b.c. 197. 
Cyprian lived, 251. 

Cyprus, island of, ceded to the Venetians in 1489. 
Cyrene built, b.c. 630 or 628. ' 

Cyrenius made governor of Judsea, B.C. 5. 
Cyrel, St., bishop of Alexandria, died in 444. 
Cyrus ascended the throne of Persia, B.C. 5.59; dies, 529 b.c. 
Cyzicum, battle of, Athenians defeat the Lacedaemonians, b.c. 410. 
Czaslaw, battle of, 1742. 

D. 

Dacia, reduced to a Roman province, 103 a.d. ; given up by Aure- 
lian to the barbarians, 274. 

Dacian war begins, a.d. 88. 

Dalraatia subdued by the Pomans, a.d. 9. 

Dalton, battle of. May 28, 1864. 

Damon and Pythias lived, 387 b.c. 

Danes invade England, 787 ; conquer Northumberland, 867 ; rav- 
age England, 870 ; fight nine battles with Ethelred, 871 ; de- 
feat Alfred, 872 ; invade Scotland, 874 ; are defeated by AKred 
and leave England, 878 ; invade England again in 891 ; they 
seize the crown of England, 913 ; invade France, 945 ; invade 



134 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

England and Scotland under Sueno, 985; are massacred in 
England, 1002 ; invade England under Sueno, 1004 ; get pos- 
session of England, 1018. 

Daniel, the prophet, delivered his predictions, B.C. 559. 

Danish duchies cause a quarrel between Germany and Denmark in 
1860. 

Dante died in 1321. 

Danton guillotined, April 5, 1794. 

Dantzic, city of, submits to Augustus in 1734. 

Darius becomes king of Persia, B.C. 522. 

Darkness, three days of, 262 ; seventeen days of unusual darkness, 
797. 

Darnley, Lord, murdered in 1567. 

D'Assisi, Francis, died in 1226. 

Dartmouth College was chartered in 1769. 

Darwin, Erasmus, born, 1731 ; died, 1802. 

Davy, Sir Humphrey, born, 1778 ; died, 1829. 

Deborah, the prophetess, defeats the Canaanites under Sisera, 
1285 B.C. 

Debt, English national, commences in 1692. 

Decemvirs, created at Rome, 451 B.C. ; banished, B.C. 449. 

Decimal arithmetic invented at Burges, 1602. 

Declaration of Rights, Nov. 4, 1774. 

Delhi, battle of, Sept. 11, 1803. 

Delphi, temple of, first sacred war about it, 448 B.C. 

Delg, battle of, Nov. 13, 1804. 

Deluge, 2348 b.c. 

Demetrius Poliorcetes changes the oligarchy of Athens into a 
democracy, b.c. 307. 

Demetrius Phalereus governs Athens, B.C. 317. 

Demosthenes, born, 381 b.c, and died, 322 b.c. 

Denis, St., interview between the kings of England and France, 
1169; battle of, 1567. 

Denmark and Sweden, war in, 1254. 

De Quincey, Thomas, born Aug. 15, 1785, died, 

Derricks invented by A. D. Bishop in 1857. 

Derzhavin, Gabriel R., born, 1743 ; died, 1816. 

Dettingen, battle of, June 16, 1743. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 135 

Deucalion, the deluge of, in Thessaly, 1503 b.c. 

Diamond necklace affair in France, 1785. 

Diamonds discovered in Austria in 1864. 

Diana, temple of, burned, 260. 

Diaz, Gen., elected president of Mexican republic in 1877. 

Dickens, Charles, born, 1812 ; died, June 9, 1870. 

Dictator, the first, created at Rome, B.C. 498. 

Dioclesian besieged and took Alexandria, 296; resigns the empire, 
304. 

Diocletian, era of, begins, 284. 

Diogenes, born, B.C. 413 ; died, 323 B.C. 

Dion put to death, B.C. 354. 

Dionysius, astronomer of Alexandria, b.c. 285. 

Dionysius, grammarian of Thrace, 64 b.c. 

Dionysius, the monk, introduces the computation of time by the 
Christian era, 516. 

Du'ectory, establishment of the, in France, Oct. 28, 1795; dis- 
solved, Nov. 10, 1799. 

Disraeli appointed prime minister of England, 1874 ; died, 1881. 

Divorce, first one, at Rome, b.c. 231. 

Domesday book began in 1080, and finished in 1086. 

Domingo, St., annexed to Spain in 1861. 

Dominicans, order of, instituted in 1215. 

Domitian, he was born, a.d. 51 ; died, a.d. 96. 

Donatus, tEHus, the grammarian, lived, 353. 

Donelson, Fort, surrendered, Feb. 16, 1862. 

Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island, 1843. 

Doria, Andrew, establishes a new form of government at Genoa in 
1528. 

Dort flooded by the sea, and 100,000 persons drowned in 1446. 

Douglass, Gawin, lived, 1504. 

Draco appointed to draw up a written code of laws, b.c. 624. 

Drake undertakes a voyage around the world in 1577. 

Dred-Scott decision, 1857. 

Drepanum sea-fight, Romans defeated by Carthaginians, b.c. 249. 

Dresden, treaty of, 1745. 

Dreux, battle of, 1562. 

Drusus' expedition into Germany, where he dies, b.c. 9. 



136 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 



Dryden, John, born, 1631 ; died, 1700. 

Dublin, university of, founded in 1319. 

Dudley, Lord, executed with Lady Jane Grey, Feb. 12, 1554. 

Dug Spring, battle of, Aug. 2, 1861. 

Dunkirk restored to the French, 1662. 

Duns, Scotus, died in 1308. 

Duquesne, Fort, captured by the English in November, 1758. 

E. 

Earthquake at Sparta, 469 B.C. ; in the Hellespont and Chersonese, 
B.C. 284 ; one in China, 175 B.C. ; in China, 41 b.c. ; in Judsea, 
31 B.C.; one in Asia, destroys twelve cities, a.d. 17; one in 
Asia, A.D. 63 ; one in Asia and Greece, 105 ; at Antioch, 
115 A.D. ; Nicomedia, etc., destroyed by one, 120 ; jSTicopolis 
and Cesarea destroyed by one, 128; one at Rhodes, 152; one 
in Wales, 205 ; one in Europe, Asia, Africa, and in the East, 
340 ; in Asia, ruins 150 cities, 358 ; one in Palestine, 419 ; one 
at Antioch, 458 ; one at Constantinople, a great part of the 
city destroyed, 480 ; one at Corinth, 521 ; one in Palestine and 
Syria, 550 ; one at Rome and Constantinople, 557 ; destroys 
many cities in Syria, 749 ; a great one in France, Germany, 
and Italy, 801 ; one in Italy, 847 ; one over a great part of the 
known world, 856 ; the great one of Lisbon in 1431. 

East India Company, established, 1600 ; government of, ends, Sept. 
1, 1858. 

Ecbatana, city of, built by Dejoces about 708 b.c. 

Eclipse, the first on record, of the moon, 721 b.c. ; one in 585 B.C. ; 
another in August, 413 B.C. ; one, the night before the battle of 
Pidna, 168 B.C., foretold by Gallus. 

Eddin, N'assar, Persian astronomer and geographer, lived, 1259. 

Edmund Ironside fought six battles in England with the Danes, 
most of which he lost by the treachery of Edric, 1016. 

Edward 11. murdered in Berkeley Castle in 1327. 

Edward V., murder of, in the cower with the duke of York in 1483. 

Egmont, Count, execution of, at Brussels, June 5, 1568. 

Egypt, kingdom of, began under Misraim, 2188 B.C. ; revolts from 
Persia, B.C. 487 ; again in 463 B.C. ; reduced to a Roman prov- 
ince, B.C. 30 ; becomes independent, 868. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 13 7 

Electric light of Prof. Holmes, successful at Dover, 1858 ; used at 

the siege of Paris in 1870. 
Eleusinian mysteries first introduced at Athens, 1356 B.C. 
Elliot, George, born about 1820 ; died, 1880. 

Emancipation proclamation of president Lincoln goes into effect, 
Jan. 1, 1863. 

Embargo on American ships declared, Dec. 22, 1807. 

Emmanuel, "Victor, made king of Italy, Feb. 26, 1861. 

Emmett's rebellion in Ireland, 1803 ; he is executed, Sept. 20, 1803. 

Empedocles of Agrigentum, the philosopher, flourished, B.C. 444. 

Emperors, Eoman, properly begin, b.c. 31. 

Engen, battle of, IMay 3, 1880. 

England, kingdoms of, united under Egbert, 828 ; invaded by the 
kings of Denmark and Norway, 994; wars with France, 1159 ; 
makes peace vrith France, 1170 ; subdues Wales in 1211. The 
pope gives the kingdom to the king of France, 1212 ; the in- 
terdict removed, 1213 ; makes war with Scotland, 1296 ; and 
in 1297 Edward I. carries of£ the records and coronation chair ; 
a civil war in 1321 ; makes a peace with Scotland for thirteen 
years in 1323 ; wars with France in 1337 ; Edward III. begins 
his war with France, 1338. 

Engine, first locomotive, 1831. 

English defeat the Danes at Okley, 852. 

Engraving, art of, invented in 1459. 

Enophyta, battle of, 456 b.c 

Epaminondas invades Laconia, b.c. 370. 

Ephesus, temple of, burned by the Amazons, 1141 b.c. ; the thhd 
general council of, 431. 

Ephori established at Lacedfemon by Theopompus", 760 b.c. 

Epictetus, stoic philosopher, lived, 88 a.d. 

Epicurus, born, 342 b.c, and died, 270 B.C. 

Epimenides of Crete visits Athens, 596 b.c, and is the first to 
build temples in Greece. 

Equinox, autumnal, first observed by Ilippachus, b.c 158. 

Ericksson's caloric engine first used in 1855. 

Eruptions, of JEtna, 470 b.c ; another, 454 b.c ; another, 165 b.c ; 
another, 121 b.c ; one of Vesuvius, a.d. 79 ; of JEtna, a great 
one, 254 ; one of Vesuvius, 512 ; again in 684 ; a great one in 
993. 



138 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, takes possession of Babylon, 680 B.C. 

Escurial in Spain built in 1563. 

Espartero, restored, 1847; organizes an insurrection in Spain in 

1854. 
Esses, fourth Saxon kingdom, founded by Erchenwin, 527. 
Etching, art of, invented in 1459. 
Ethelbert, king of East Angiia, murdered by Of£a, king of Mercia, 

792. 
Ethiopians, coming from the Indus, settle near Egypt, 1615 B.C. 
Etrurians war with the Romans, 479 b.c. 
Euclid of Alexandria, the mathematician, b.c. 300. 
Euclid of Megara, the philosopher, flourished, b.c. 404. 
Eudoxus brought the celestial sphere from Egygt to Greece about 

368 B.C. 
Eupolis, the comic poet, floiu^ished, b.c. 435. 
Euripides first gained the prize of tragedy at Athens, B.C. 442 ; 

born, 480 B.C., and died, 406 B.C. 
Eutropius, the historian and sophist, lived, 356. 
Exchange, bills of, first used in England, 1381. 
Ezeldel, the prophet, B.C. 593. 
Ezra sent from Babylon to Jerusalem by Artaxerxes, b.c. 458. 

F. 

Fabius, three hundred Romans of this name killed by the Veientes, 

B.C. 477. 
Fabius defeats the Samnites, B.C. 308 ; brings painting to Rome, 

B.C. 290. 
Fair Oakes, battle of, May 31, 1862 ; second battle of, June 25, 1862. 
Falkland islands, the right of, settled in 1770. 
Famines, seven years in Egypt, 1708 b.c; at Rome, 441 B.C.; at 

Rome, 41 B.C. ; in Palestine, 27 b.c. ; in Rome, 6 a.d. ; one in 

Syria, 333 ; at Constantinople, 446 ; one in Italy in 449 ; a 

great one in Germany, 897. 
Faustus, John, lived, 1441. 
Fenian rebellion in Ireland in 1867. 
Ferdinand VII. abdicates in 1808; restored in 1814. 
Ferdinand II. died, 1833. 
Ferdinand I. of Austria abdicates in favor of his son Francis 

Joseph in 1848. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 139 

Fergusson, William, born, 1808 ; died, 1877. 

Fidelias, taken by the Romans, 435 B.C. 

Fidenates war witli the Eomans, 665 B.C. 

Fiefs begun in France, 584 ; are established, 923o 

Fieschis' infernal machine x^lot in France in 1835. 

Finland, Christianity introduced, 1154. 

Fish Commission, meetmg of, at Halifax, 1877. 

Fisher, Fort, captured, Jan. 15, 1865. 

Five Forks, battle of, April 1, 1865. 

Flaccus, Horatius, lived, B.C. 29. 

Flaccus, Valerius, lived, a.d. 84. 

Flodden, battle of, 1513. 

Florence, Academy of, founded in 1272. 

Florida, discovered by John Cabot in 1500; war in, 1818; admitted 
to the Union in 1845; secedes from the Union, Jan. 10, 1861. 

Fontenai, battle of, 841. 

Fontenoy, battle of, 1745. 

Fourmigni, battle of, in 1450. 

Fox, Charles James, born, 1749 ; died, 1806. 

France, the Vandals, Alani, and Suevi settle there in 406; civil 
war in 556 ; kingdom of, divided, 565 ; civil war in 575 ; third 
race of kings begins, 987 ; makes a three years' truce with 
England, 1375 ; acknowledges the independence of the United 
States, Dec. 22, 1789 ; revolution in, begins, 1848 ; empire, re- 
stored in 1852; fall of the empire, 1870; republic proclaimed, 
Sept. 7, 1870 ; deprived of Alsace and Lorraine by Germany 
in 1871. 

Francis I. died, 1835. 

Franks, first mentioned in history, 241 ; first settle in Gaul in 277 ; 
expelled from Britain in 293. 

Frederick I. of Germany takes possession of Rome, 1167; died, 
1190. 

Frederick II. of Prussia died, 1786. 

Frederick III. of Prussia ascends the throne of Germany, 1797. 

Fredericksburg, battle of, Dec. 13, 1862. 

French, kingdom of, begins on the lower Rhine, 420; the mon- 
archy, divided between Louis and Caiioman in 880; invade 
England, 1377. 



140 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Frenchtown, battle of, Jan. 24, 1813. 

Froissart lived, 1376. 

Frumentiiis propagates the Gospel in Ethiopia, 341. 

Fuentes de Onoro, battle of, 1811. 

Furnaces, four iron, running in America in 1728. 

G. 

Gaines' Mill, battle of, June 27, 1862. 

Galba put to death, a.d. 69. 

Galen, physician, lived, 163. 

Gallienus killed at Milan, 268. 

Gallus, C. Sulpicius, tribune and first Roman astronomer, B.C. 168. 

Gallus, Photius, first Latin rhetorician, b.c. 87. 

Gallus put to death by Constantius, 354 a.d. 

Galileo condemned by the inquisition at Home, 1G33. 

Galileo first applied the jpendulum to clocks in 1G49. 

Garfield, James A., elected president of the United States, 1880; 
assassinated by Guiteau in 1881. 

Garter, order of, instituted in England, 1349. 

Gastein, convention of, in 1865. 

Gaul becomes a Roman province, b.c. 51. 

Gauls, defeated by Camillus, b.c. 367; a large army under Bren- 
nus, defeated near the temple of Delphi, 278 B.C. ; they revolt, 
232 B.C.; enter Italy and are defeated, B.C. 225; the Trans- 
Alpine Gauls march into Italy, B.C. 183. 

Gazseus, Timotheus, lived, 495. 

Gesner, Conrad, lived, 1545. 

Getse ravage Macedonia, Thessaly, etc., 516. 

Gettj^sburg, battle of, July 1-3, 1863. 

Gela, city of, in Sicily, founded about 713 B.C. 

Genesis, first book of the Bible, covers a period of 2369 years. 

Genghis-kan begins to reign, 1176. 

Genseric becomes master of Carthage, and commences the king- 
dom of the Vandals in Africa, 439. 

George, St., becomes patron saint of England, 1096. 

George I., elector of Hanover, ascends the throne of England, 1714; 
died, 1727. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 141 

George's war began in America in 1744, and continued fonr years. 

George, Chevalier de St., dies, 1765. 

George III., attempt on his life by Margaret Nicholson in 1786 ; 

died, 1820. 
George's conspiracy against Napoleon, 1804. 
George III. reigned, 1760-1820. 
George lY. died, 1830. 
Gerizim, Mount of, temple built, 335 b.c. ; destroyed by Hyrcanus, 

129 B.C. 
Georgia, State of, secedes from the Union, Jan. 18, 1861. 
German empire formed in 1870. 
German-Italian war began, 1866. 
Germanicus sent against the Pannonians, 7 a.d. 
Germantown, battle of, Oct. 4, 1777. 
Germany, North, annexed to France in 1810. 
Germain-en-Laye, peace of, in favor of the Huguenots, 1570. 
Germany, separated from the empire of Franks, 842 ; the empire 

becomes elective, 912 ; empire of, declared independent of the 

pope, 1338; downfall of the empire in 1805. 
Germanic confederation dissolved, 1806 ; formed again in 1815. 
Ghent, treaty of, between Great Britain and the United States, 

signed, Dec. 24, 1814. 
Gibraltar taken by Admiral Rooke in 1704. 
Gibbon, Edward, born, 1737 ; died, 1794. 
Gildas, British historian. 

Glasgow, battle of, Queen Mary defeated, 1568. 
Glass, invented and brought to England, 663 ; first manufactured 

in England in 1457. 
Glencoe, massacre of, in Scotland in 1692. 
Godart, St., battle of, 1664. 
Goethe, the poet, born, 1749 ; died, 1832. 
Gold discovered in California in 1848. 
Goldsmith, Oliver, born, 1728; died, 1774. 
Gonsalvo, called the Great Captain, lived, 1502. 
Gordon, trial and acquittal of, 1781. 

Gordian is successful against the Persians, 242 ; put to death, 244. 
Goree captured by Commodore Keppel in 1758. 
Gospel preached in Denmark and Sweden about 850. 



142 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Goths defeat the Eomans at Msesia, 251, and make them tributary, 
252 ; they are defeated by the Romans, 267 ; defeated by 
Claudius, 269 ; expelled by the Huns, settle in Thrace, 376 ; 
defeated by vEtius in 437 ; take the city of Milan, 539 ; defeat 
the Eomans on the Po, 542 ; they seize Tuscany, Campania, 
etc., take Rome and pillage it, 546. 

Gowrie's conspiracy, 1600. 

Gower, John, died, 1402. 

Gracchus, Tiberius, put to death, 133 B.C. 

Grahame, James, born, 1765; died, 1811. 

Granada seized by the French, Jan. 27, 1810. ---"" 

Grant, U. S., appointed commander-in-chief of the army of the 
United States, March 12, 1864 ; elected president of the United 
States in 1869 ; re-elected president of the United States in 1872. 

Gratian, the emperor, defeated and killed, 383. 

Gravelotte, battle of, Aug. 18, 1870. 

Gray, Thomas, born, 1716; died, 1771. 

Greek, church separates from the Latin, 1050 ; empire terminated, 
1453. 

Greece, declared free, 196 b.c. ; becomes a Roman province, b.c. 
146; independence of, in 1822. 

Greeks ravage Bohemia, 1040. 

Greenland said to have been discovered by a Venetian in 1378. 

Gregory, Thaumaturgus, lived, 241. 

Gregory of Tours lived, 572. 

Gregory, pope, excommunicates the emperor, 730. 

Grey, Lady Jane, proclaimed queen of England, July 10, 1553 ; 
relinquished the title, July 19 ; executed, Feb. 12, 1554. 

Groveton, battle of, Aug. 29, 1862. 

Guadaloupe surrendered to the English in 1759. 

Guelph and Ghibelline, these names first used after the battle 
of Weinsberg, 1140 ; their factions prevail, 1141. 

Guilford Court House, battle of, March 15, 1781. 

Guiscard drives the Saracens out of Sicily, 1058. 

Guise, duke of, assassinated in France, 1588. 

Guizot born, 1787 ; died, 1874. 

Gunpowder, invented by a monk of Cologne in 1330 ; first used at 
the siege of Algiers in 1342. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 143 

Gunpowder plot of Sir Guy Fawkes, 'Noy. 5, 1605. 
Gutenburg, first man to use cut metal types in 1450. 

H. 

Habbakuk the prophet lived, 733 B.C. 

" Habeas Corpus " Act passed May 27, 1679 ; suspended in 1794. 

Haggai the prophet lived, 528 B.C. 

Hague, congress at The, in 1691 ; triple alliance of, in 1717. 

Hale, Sir Matthew, died, 1676. 

Hall, Robert, born, 1764; died, 1831. 

Hamilton, Alexander, killed in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804. 

Hannibal, with his father Hamilcar, invades Spain, b.c. 237; 

crosses the Alps, 218 b.c. ; he is recalled, b.c. 203. 
Hanover, treaty of, 1725 ; State of, separated from Great Britain in 

1837 ; annexed to Prussia in 1866. 
Harold, king of Denmark, becomes a Christian and is dethroned, 

826. 
Harper's Ferry, surrender of, Sept. 15, 1862. 
Harrison, William H., inaugm-ated president of the United States, 

1841; died, April 4, 1841. 
Hartford convention held, Dec. 14, 1841. 
Harvard College founded in 1638. 
Hastings, battle of, Oct. 14, 1066. 
Hastings, Warren, made governor of Bengal in 1772 ; trial of, in 

1788 ; he is acquitted in 1795. 
Hatfield attempts to kill the king of England in 1800. 
Hatteras, Fort, capture of, Aug. 28, 1861. 
Havanna surrenders to the English in 1762. 

Hawke, Admiral, defeats the French fleet in 1747. / §' 7/ 

Hayes, E. B., inaugurated president of the United States in i870. 
Hazael, king of Assyria, desolates Judah, 839 B.C. 
Hazlitt, William, born, 1778 ; died, 1830. 
Hegira begins by the flight of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina in 

622. 
Heidelberg taken by the emperor, and the library sent to Rome, 

1622. 
Helen of Troy dishonored by Theseus, 1213 B.C. 
Helidorus lived, 398. 



144 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Helvetian Confederation dissolved in Switzerland, and a republic 
founded in 1798. 

Helvoetsluys, naval battle of, Edward III. defeats the French in 
1340. 

Henings, battle of, 1429. 

Henry III., emperor, takes the title of king of the Komans, 1002. 

Henry IV. of Germany submits to the pope, 1077 ; retracts his 
submission, 1078 ; lays siege to Rome, 1081 ; takes the city, 
1083 ; has a conflict with Hildebrand about the right of in- 
vestiture, 1085; takes Naples, 1096; captured by his son and 
deposed, 1106. 

Henry VI. takes possession of Naples and Sicily, 1196 ; sends an 
army to Palestine, 1197. 

Henry II. died from the effects of a wound received at a tourna- 
ment, 1559. 

Henry III. of France assassinated by Jacques Clement, Aug. 2, 1589. 

Henry IV. of France assassinated by Ravaillac, 1610. 

Henry, Fort, capture of, Feb. 6, 1862. 

Hengest treacherously kills 300 British nobles, 475. 

Heptarchy established in England in 449. 

Heraclidse at Sparta extinct, b.c. 221. 

Heraclitus the philosopher lived, B.C. 506. 

Heraclius defeats the Persians, 622; dies, 641. 

Herculaneum burned by an eruption of Vesuvius, a.d. 79. 

Hercules celebrates the Olympic games, 1222 b.c. 

Hermse, mutilation of, at Athens, B.C. 415. 

Herodotus reads his history in the council at Athens, 445 B.C. ; he 
was born, 484 b.c. 

Hieronymns of Rhodes, the philosopher, lived, 254 b.c. 

Hipparchus assassinated, B.C. 514. 

Hipparchus the astronomer begins his observation at Rhodes, B.C. 
162; he observes the autumnal equinox, B.C. 158. 

Hippocrates, born, 460 B.C. ; died, 357 B.C. ; established a school 
of medicine at Cos. 

Hobbs, Thomas, lived, 1648. 

Hochstet, or Blenheim, battle of, 1704. 

Hochstadt, battle of, June 19, 1800. 

Hogarth, William, the artist, lived, 1746. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. I45 

Holland acknowledges the independence of the United States in 
1782 ; annexed to France, 1810 ; revolts from France, and 
prince of Orange proclaimed sovereign, 1813. 

Holy Junta, confederacy of, formed in Spain in 1520. 

Home, John, born, 1722 ; died, 1808. 

Homer flourished about 907 B.C., probably to 850 B.C. 

Horatii and the Curatii, combat between the three, B.C. 667. 

Horn, Count, execution of, at Brussels, June 5, 1568. 

Hornet takes the Peacock, Feb. 25, 1813. 

Hortensius begins to plead at 19 years of age, B.C. 94. 

Howard, Catherine, beheaded, Feb. 12, 1542. 

Hubbardton, battle of, July 7, 1777. 

Hubersburg, peace of,, between Hungary and Prussia in 1763. 

Hudson's Bay discovered, 1607. 

Hull, Gen., invades Canada, 1812. 

Humboldt died. May 6, 1859. 

Hume, David, born, 1711; died, 1776. 

Hume, Joseph, the historian, died, 1855. 

Hungarians ravage Lombardy, 899; ravage Italy, 904; they are 
defeated by Conrad, 914 ; ravage Saxony, 915 ; pillage Ger- 
many, 922 ; ravage Italy again in 924. 

Hungarian Diet assembles in 1825. 

Hungary, revolution in, 1848 ; beginning of another in 1860 ; under 
military government in 1861. 

Huns, empire of, in Tartary, destroyed by the Chinese, a.d. 93 ; 
they ravage Mesopotamia, 383 ; they ravage Thrace, 422. 

Huss, John, propagates his opinions, 1407 ; condemned and exe- 
cuted, 1415. 

Hyrcanus expelled, B.C. 40. 

I. 

Iambic verse invented by Archilochus, 707 B.C. 
Ignatius, St., lived, 92 a.d. 
Illinois admitted to the Union in 1818. 
lUyria and Thrace subdued by Philip, B.C. 344. 
Illyrians, war declared against them by the Romans, B.C. 229. 
Income tax passed in 1842. 

Independence, Declaration of, adopted by the thirteen States, July 
4, 1776. 



146 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

India Company, East, government of, ended, Sept. 1, 1858. 

India, invaded by Alexander, 327 B.C. ; Porus, king of, solicits an 
alliance with Augustus, B.C. 20. 

Indiana admitted to the Union in 1816. 

Indictions begin, 312. 

Inkermann, battle of, N'ov. 5. 1854. 

Inquisition, established in 1204 ; court of, erected at Seville in 1482. 

Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, Royal Academy of, established at 
Paris, 1663. 

Interest on money in England fixed at five per cent in 1714. 

Ionian Isles ceded to Greece in 1864. 

Iowa, State of, settled, 1788 ; admitted to the Union as a State in 
1846. 

Ipsus, battle of, Antigonus defeated, B.C. 301. 

Ipsylante, revolt of, 1821. 

Iquique, in Peru, destroyed by an earthquake, 1877. 

Ireland, taken possession of by Henry II. of England, 1172 ; in- 
vaded by the Scots in 1315. 

Irenseus, St., lived, 182. 

Irene, empress, deposed and banished, 802. 

Iron, first found in Crete on Mount Ida, 1406 b.c. ; first cast in 
England about 1544. 

Irving, Washington, born, 1783 ; died, 1859. 

Isaac born, 1896 b.c. ^ 

Isseus of Chalcis, an Athenian orator, b.c. 380. 

Island No. 10 captured April 8, 1862. 

Isabella II., declared to be of age by the Cortes, 1843, set. 13 ; mar- 
ried to Francisco in 1846. 

Issus, second battle of, gained by Alexander, Nov. 333 b.c. 

Isthmian games, first introduced, 1326 B.C. ; restored, B.C. 582. 

Italian parliament, first assembly of the, held, Feb. 18, 1861. 

Italy, kingdom of, begins, 476 ; kingdom of, dissolved, 1814. 

Iturbide declared emperor of Mexico, 1822. 
aka, battle of, Sept. 19, 1862. 

Ivry, battle of, 1590. 

J. 

Jackson, Andrew, inaugurated president of the United States in 
1829 ; second term as president begins, 1833. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 14 7 

Jacob born, 1836 B.C., and died, b.c. 1689 ; he journeys to Haran, 
B.C. 1759. 

Jamblichus lived, 342. 

James II. fled from England, 1688. 

James, St., put to death, a.d. 44. 

Janizaries established among the Turks in 1362. 

Janus, temple of, shut the firsts time after Numa, and universal 
peace, 235 ; again in 29 b.c. 

Jason of Pherae assassinated, b.c. 370. 

Jay's treaty with Great Britain, 1794 ; ratified by Congress, 1795. 

Jay Cook & Co., bank of, failed, 1873. 

Jefferson, Thomas, inaugurated president of the United States in 
1801. 

Jeffreys held the bloody Assizes, and hanged 320 persons in 1685. 

Jefeey, Francis, born in 1773 ; died, 1850. 

Jehoiachim, king of Judah, carried captive to Babylon, b.c. 597. 

Jena, battle of, Oct. 14, 1806. 

Jeremiah, the prophet, b.c. 627. 

Jerome, St., lived, 387. 

Jerusalem, taken from the Jebusites by David, B.C. 1048; wall re- 
built by Nehemiah, b.c. 445; taken by Antiochus and the 
temple plundered, b.c. 170 ; castle of, taken by Simon, the 
high priest, who delivers Judea from Syrian servitude, b.c. 
142; taken by Pompey, 63 b.c; occupied by Antigonus, as- 
sisted by the Parthians, B.C. 40; taken by Sozius, b.c. 37; 
temple of, rebuilt by Herod, 19 B.C. ; taken by Titus, a.d. 70; 
temple of, plundered by the caliph of Egypt, who ravages 
Palestine, 1023 ; taken by the Turks from the Saracens, 1065 ; 
captured by the Christian army, June 27, 1099, and Godfrey 
elected king. 

Jesdegird, era of, commences, 632. 

Jesuits, society of, formed by Ignatius Loyola in 1535; expelled 
from France in 1594 ; expelled from Switzerland in 1847 ; ex- 
pelled from the German empire in 1872. 

Jews, 100,000 carried captive into Egypt, 320 b.c. ; banished from 
Rome, 19 a.d. ; Jewish war begins, 131 ; ends, 135, and almost 
all the Jews banished. They revolt in Antioch and massacre 
Christians, 609; are banished from Spain and France, 616; 



148 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

war begins, 66 a.d. ; 16,000 murdered by the Crusaders in 
Germany, 1096 ; banished from England, 1290 ; banished from 
France, 1306. 

Joan of Arc burned at Rouen, May 30, 1431. 

John, St., Knights of, instituted, 1099 ; order of, abolished, 1540. 

John of Damascus lived, 737. 

John Baptist begins his ministry, 27 a.d. 

John of Constantinople assumes title of universal bishop, 596. 

Johnson, Andrew, impeachment, trial, and acquittal of, in 1868 ; 
born, 1808 ; died, 1875. 

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, born, 1709 ; died, 1784. 

Joseph born, B.C. 1799 ; dies, B.C. 1689 ; sold into Egypt, B.C. 1728. 

Josephus, historian, born, a.d. 37 ; taken by Vespasian, a.d. 67. 

Josiah, king of Judah, slain by Pharaoh Neeho, B.C. 608, 

Judsea begins to be governed by the Maccabees, b.c. 163 ; Anti- 
pater, procurator of, 48 b.c. ; governed by Herod, under the 
Romans, 40 B.C. ; who recover Syria and Palestine, 39 b.c. 

Judicature Act passed in the United States in 1873. 

Jugurtliine war begins b.c. Ill ; continues five years. 

Julian defeated six German kings at Strasburg, 357 ; endeavors to 
rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, 363, and dies in an expedi- 
tion into Persia. 

Julian calendar reformed by Pope Gregory in 1582. 

Justinian, code of, published, April 16, 529 ; his digest published, 
Dec. 30, 533 ; he dies, 565 ; Pandect found in the ruins of 
Amalfi, 1137. 

Justin, the emperor, defeats Chosroes, 576 ; he dies, 578. 

Juvenal lived, 95 a.d. 

K. 

Kansas-Nebraska bill, 1854. 
Katzbach, battle of, Aug. 16, 1813. 

Kentucky admitted to the Union as a State, 1792 ; joins the Con- 
federate States, Dec. 9, 1861. 
Kent, kingdom of, begins, 455. 
Kettle Run, battle of, Aug. 27, 1862. 
KilcuUen, battle of, May 23, 1798. 
King's (now Columbia) college founded, 1754. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 



149 



King's Mountain, battle of, Oct. 7, 1780. 

Kingston, battle of, Dec. 14, 1862. 

Knox, John, died, 1572. 

Konieh, battle of, 1831. 

Koran, book ©f, began to be published, 612; is translated into 

Latin, 1143. 
Kouli-Klian murdered, 1747. 
Kepler died, N'ov. 15, 1630. 
Key, Francis S., born, 1779 ; died, 1843. 
Kutayah, treaty of, 1833. 

L. 

Lacedsemon, kingdom of, begins, 1104 b.c. 

Lacedaemonians and Messineans, first war begins, and lasts 19 years 
743 B.C. 

Lacedsemonians conclude a five years' truce with the Athenians, 

B.C. 452. 
Lactantius lived, 311. 
Lselius, Caius, Roman orator, b.c. 196. 
Lafayette, Marquis de, born, 1757 ; died, 1834. 
Lake Erie, battle of, Sept. 10, 1813. 
Lamian war, b.c. 323. 

Land League, agitation in the United States, 1881. 
Landau surrendered to the Imperialists, 1702. 
Landseer, Sir Edward, born, 1802; died, 1873. 
Lantern, magic, invented by Kircher, 1665. 
Lasore, treaty of, 1846. 
Latimer put to death, Oct. 16, 1555. 

Latins, kingdom of, begins under ^Eneas, who builds Lavinium. 
Laud beheaded, Jan. 10, 1645. 
Lavoisier, A. L., founder of modern chemistry, born, 1743; died 

May 8, 1794. ' 

Laws of the 12 tables compiled and ratified at Rome, b.c. 451. 
Laws, John, bank of, exploded in England, 1719 ; born, 1671 ; 

died, 1729. 
Leap year corrected, a.d. 4, having been formerly every third year. 
Lectisternium, feast of, instituted at Rome, b.c. 399. 
Lee, Gen., surrenders to Gen. Grant, April 9, 1865, 



150 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, born, July 6, 1646 ; died, Nov. 

14, 1716. 
Leipsic, battle of, Oct. 16, 1813. 
Leontius deposed, 697. 

Leo I. and II. die, 474. ', 

Lepanto, battle of, 1571. 

Lepidus degraded from the triumvirate and banished, 36 B.C. 
Le Sage, Alain, born, 1668 ; died, 1747. 
Lessing, born, 1729 ; died, 1781. 
Leuctra, battle of, Epaminondas defeats the Lacedaemonians, B.C. 

371. 
Lewes, battle of, 1264. 
Lewis, Eev. Tyler, born, 1802 ; died, 1877. 
Lexington, battle of, April 19, 1775. 
Lexington, battle of, Sept. 20, 1861. 
Library, first erected at Kome, 167 B.C. 
Libyan war ended by the Carthagenians, B.C. 238. 
Licinian law passed, B.C. 367. 
Licinius defeated and banished, 324. 
Lick, James, born, 1796 ; died, 1876. 
Lima destroyed by an earthquake, 1746. 

Limerick, surrender of, 1691, which finishes the war in Ireland. 
Lincoln, Abraham, elected president of the United States, 1860 ; 

re-elected, Nov. 8, 1864 ; assassinated by Booth, April 14, 1865. 
Lincoln, battle of, 1217. 
Lisbon, university of, founded, 1290 ; great earthquake at, 1431 ; 

destroyed by an earthquake, 1755. 
Lissa, naval battle of, July 20, 1866. 
Livius, Titus, lived, 25 b.c. 

Livingston, Dr., died in Central Africa, 1873 ; born, 1813. 
Livonia ceded to Poland, 1561. 
Loano, battle of, 1795. 
Locke, John, died, 1704 ; born, 1632. 
Locomotive engine first made, 1831. 
Logarithms invented by Baron Napier of Scotland, 1614. 
Lombards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals, 379; 

first kings of, elected in Pannonia, 389 ; found a kingdom in 

Italy, 568 ; they ravage Italy, 595 ; defeat the Romans, 602 ; 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 151 

their laws systematized, 644; reduced by intestine wars, and 

the first province given to the pope, 704. 
London, built by the Eomans about 50 a-d. ; great fire of, Sept. 2, 

1666 ; treaty of, signed by Russia, 1840. 
Longinus, lived, 261. 
Long Parliament, 1640. 
Long Island, battle of, Aug. 27, 1776. 
Louis I. (Le Debonnau-e) divided his empire among his sons ; born, 

778 ; died, 840. 
Louis yill. franchised all the slaves in France, 1223. 
Loui^ XIV. died, 1715. 
Louis XVI. accepts the revolution, Feb. 4, 1790; assents to the 

National Constitution, Sept. 15, 1791 ; executed, Jan. 21, 1793. 
Louis XVII. dies in prison, 1795. 
Louis XVIIL died, 1824. 

Louisburg, capture of, 1745 ; captured by the English, 1758. 
Louis Philippe I., duke of Orleans, becomes king of France, 1830. 
Louisiana, purchased from the French by the United States, 1803 ; 

admitted to the Union, 1812. 
Louis Philippe abdicates, Feb. 24, 1848.' 
Louisiana, State of, secedes from the Union, Jan. 26, 1861. 
Lotharius retires to a monastery and dies, 855. 
Loyola died, 1556. 
Lucian born, about 135. 
Lucan lived, 62 a.d. 

Lucilius, first Roman satirist, lived, B.C. 116. 
Lucullus defeats Mithri dates and Tigranes, B.C. 69. 
Ludi seculares celebrated for the first time at Rome, 456 B.C. 
Lundy's Lane, battle of, July 25, 1814. 
Luneville, treaty of, 1801. 
Lupercalia instituted, 1300 b.c. 
Luther, Martin, born, 1485 ; died, 1546 ; burned the " bull " of pope 

Leo X., Dec. 11, 1520. 
Lutzen, battle of, Nov. 16, 1632. 
Lycurgus, the Spartan law-giver, born, 926 B.C. 
Lydia, kingdom of, begins, 797 B.C. ; ended, B.C. 550. 
Lydian war begins, B.C. 590, and continues six years. 
Lyons, general council of, for reviewing the crusaders, 1245. 



152 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Lysander totally defeats the Athenian fleet at ^gospotamos, B.C. 

405 ; takes Athens, 404 B.C. 
Lysias, the orator, lived, 412 b.c. 
Lytton, Lord, born, 1805; died, 1873. 

M. 

Macanlay, Lord T. B., born, 1800; died, Dec. 28, 1859. 

Macedon, kingdom of, begins, about 814 b.c. ; taken by Lysima- 

chus, 286 B.C., and Pyrrhus expelled ; Andriscns, the pretender, 

assumes the tyranny of, b.c. 152. 
Macedonia conquered by Demetrius, b.c. 294. 
Macedonian wars, first, begins, 200 b.c. ; second begins, 171 b.c. 
Mackinaw, surrender of, June 17, 1812. 
MacMahon, Marshal, elected president of France, 1873. 
Macrobius lived, 403. 
Madeira Islands discovered, 1344. 
Madison, James, inaugurated president of the United States, 1809 ; 

second term begins, 1813. 
Madrid, treaty of, 1526 ; treaty of, between Great Britain and 

Spain, 1670; commercial treaty of, 1750. 
Maestricht taken by the French, 1748. 
Magenta, battle of, June 4, 1859. 
Magi prevailed at Rome, 504. 
Magna Charta signed by King John, June 15, 1215; confirmed, 

1251. 
Maimonides of Corduba, the most learned of the Jews, lived, 1166. 
Maine admitted to the Union as a State, 1820. 
Malachi, the prophet, delivered his predictions, b.c. 436. 
Malakoff tower captured by the French, 1855. 
Malchus the sophist lived, 493. 
Malvern Hill, battle of, July 1, 1862. 
Mamelukes, massacre of, 1811. 
Manetho, the Egyptian historian, lived, b.c. 261. 
Manichsean books burned at Borne, 443. 
Manilla taken by the English, 1762. 

Manasseh, king of Judah, taken prisoner to Babylon, 677 b.c. 
Mantinea, battle of, 418 b.c. ; city of, destroyed, 385 b.c. 
Mantinea, battle of, Epaminondas killed, 363 b.c. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 153 

Maps and charts brought into England, 1489. 

Marat assassinated, July 13, 1793. 

Marathon, battle of, B.C. 490. 

Marcion, heretic, lived, 134. 

Marengo, battle of, June 14, 1800. 

Marks, St., at Venice, built, 829. 

Maro, Virgilius, lived, 34 B.C. 

Marsic or Social war begins, B.C. 91, and is terminated by Sylla. 

Marston Moor, battle of, July 2, 1644. 

Martel, Charles, governs all France, 714. 

Martial lived, a.d. 81. 

Martinsburg, battle of, Dec. 18, 1861. 

Martyr, Justin, writes his first apology for the Christians, 139. 

Mary Queen of Scots executed, Feb. 8, 1587. 

Mary, Queen, died, 1694. 

Matilda, Empress, retires from England, 1146. 

Maximilian, emperor of Mexico, shot, June 19, 1867. 

Maximilian divides the empire into six circles, 1500. 

Maximus put to death by the soldiers, 218. 

Maximus the tyi-ant defeated and put to death by Theodosius, 388. 

Mayor, Lord, of London, committed to the tower, 1771. 

Mazarin, Cardinal, died, 1661. 

Meal Tub Plot, 1679. 

Mechanicsville, battle of, June 26, 1862. 

Megabysus subdued Thrace and Macedonia, B.C. 506. 

Megarians driven out of the island of Salamis by Solon, B.C. 600. 

Megasthenes, the historian, flourished, B.C. 305. 

Mehemet Ali, revolt of, 1831. 

Melbourne, city of, founded, 1837. 

Melbourne International Exhibition, opening of, 1880. 

Memnon the Egyptian, and inventor of the letters, lived about 

1822 B.C. 
Memphis captured, June 6, 1862. 
Menander, the poet, born, 342 B.C. ; died, 290 B.C. 
Mercia, the seventh Saxon kingdom in Britain, founded by Crida, 

582. 
Merovingian race ends in France, 750. 
Merrimac, Confederate ram, defeated by the Monitor, March 9, 

1862. 



154 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Messenian, the first, war ended, 724 b.c. ; second, 671 B.C. ; third, 
460 B.C. 

Methuselah, born about 3317 B.C., and died set. 969. 

Metonic cycle begins, 432 b.c. 

Metrodorus, philosopher and painter, lived, 171 b.c. 

Mexican empire established, 1864. 

Mexican v*^ar with the United States, 1845. 

Mexico becomes independent, 1821 ; Federal constitution, 1823. 

Micah, the prophet, lived, 754 b.c. 

Michael, St., order of, instituted, 1469. 

Michigan admitted to the Union, 1837. 

Micrometer invented by Kirch, 1677. 

Middlebury College opened, 1800. 

Milan taken by the Goths, 539 ; destroyed by the Emperor Fred- 
eric, 1162. 

Milan, decree, published, Dec. 17, 1807. 

Miletus captured, 494 b.c. 

Mill, John Stuart, born, 1806; died, 1873. 

Mill Springs, battle of, Jan. 18-19, 1862. 

Milton, John, born, 1607 ; died, 1674. 

Minden reduced by Prince Ferdinand, 1758. 

Minnesota admitted to the Union, 1858. 

Minie rifle introduced, 1852. 

Minorca taken by Gen. Stanhope, 1708. 

Minos gives laws to the Cretans, 1406 b.c. 

Mirabeau died, April 2, 1791. 

Mississijppi admitted to the Union, 1817; State of, secedes from 
the Union, Jan. 9, 1861. 

Missoloughi taken by the Turks, 1826. 

Missouri Compromise Act, 1820 ; accepts Compromise Act and is 
admitted to the Union, 1821. 

Mithridates kills himself, B.C. 63. 

Mithridatic war begins, 89 B.C., and continues 26 years. 

M'Leod difficulty occurred, 1841. 

Mobile, naval battle of, Aug. 5, 1864. 

Modoc war in the United States began, 1873. 

Moliere died, Feb. 17, 1673. 

Molinos De Rey, battle of, Dec. 21, 1809 ; second battle of, Sept. 8, 
1847. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 155 

Molwitz, battle of, 1741. 

Monaco purchased by the French, 1861. 

Monasteries m the East dissolved by Constantine, 770. 

Moncontour, battle of, 1569. 

Mondovi, battle of, April 22, 1796. 

Money, first coined at Rome, b.c. 580; first coined by the Arabians, 
695. 

Monitor, ironclad, defeats the Merrimac, March 9, 1862. 

Monmouth, battle of, June 28, 1778. 

Monmouth, Duke of, rebellion of the ; he was beheaded, July 15, 
168.5. 

Monroe defeats Sujah Dowlah at Buxar, 1764. 

Monroe, James, inaugurated president of the United States, 1817 ; 
second term begins, 1821. 

Montebello, battle of. May 20, 1859. 

Montebello, battle of, June 9, 1800. 

Montenotte, battle of, April 12, 1796. 

Monterey taken, Sept. 24, 1846. 

Montgomery Convention held, 1861. 

Montinico almost destroyed by an earthquake, 1767. 

Montreal, city of, the English become master of, 1760. 

Moody and Sankey revivals in the United States begin, 1875. 

Moore, Thomas, born, 1780 ; died, 1852. 

Moors, defeat and kill Thrasmond, king of the Vandals, 522 ; de- 
feat the Romans in Africa, 540; persecute theChristians in Spain, 
852 ; defeat the Christians in Spain, 920 ; are defeated by the 
Christians, 923 ; gain possession of Gibraltar, 1333 ; expelled 
from Grenada, 1492 ; revolt in Spain, 1568. 

Morea subdued by the Turks, 1715. 

Mormons, trouble with, begins, 1857. 

Mortmain Act passed in England, 1279. 

Moscow, city of, founded, 1156 ; burned by the Russians, Sept. 14, 
1812. 

Moses born, 1571. 

Muldorf, battle of, Louis V. takes Frederick III. prisoner, 1322. 

Murat enters Madrid and massacres 200 French, 1808. 

Murfreesboro, battle of, Jan, 1, 1863. 

Murray, regent, assassinated by Bothwellhaugh, 1570. 



156 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Muscovy, Czar of, assumes the title of Emperor of Russia, 1722. 

Museum, British, established, 1753. 

Mycale, bat'tle of, B.C. 479. 

Mycense, kingdom of, begins, about 1344 B.C. ; ends, 1104 B.C. 

Mysore ceded to England by Mzam, 1800. 

Mytilene, revolution of, 428 b.c. 

IsTabonassar, the era of, begins, 747 B.C. 

IS'achos, battle of, June 27, 1866. 

Nancy, battle of, 1477. 

Nantes, edict of, April 13, 1598 ; revoked, Oct. 22, 1686. 

Naples, kingdom of, taken by eastern emperors, 942 ; University of, 
founded, 1230 ; seized by the emperors, 1707 ; annexed to Sar- 
dinia, 1860. 

Napoleon I., campaign of, in Italy, 1796; invades Egypt, 1798; 
elected first consul, Dec. 13, 1799 ; made consul for life, 1802 ; 
proclaimed emperor, May 18, 1804; crowned by the pope, Dec. 
2; crowned king of Italy, May 26, 1805; abdicates, 1814; sent 
to St. Helena, Aug. 8, 1815 ; died in exile at St. Helena, 1821. 

Napoleon, Louis, attempts to take Boulogne, Aug. 6, 1840; fails, 
and is imprisoned ; escapes from Ham, 1846. 

Narvaez exiled from Spain, 1853. 

Nashville, battle of, Dec. 15-16, 1864. 

Nasica, Scipio, invented the measure of time by water, at Rome, 
B.C. 159. 

Natchez surrendered. May 13, 1862. 

Navarino, battle of, 1827. 

Navarre, kingdom of, founded, 828; battle of, 1513; united to 
France, 1620. 

Naxos, battle of, b.c 376. 

Nebraska admitted to the Union, 1866. 

Needles first made in England, 1545. 

Neerwinden, battle of, 1793. 

Nehemiah the prophet, B.C. 456. 

Nema^an games restored, b.c. 568. 

Neocsesarea destroyed by an earthquake, 344. 

Nepos, Cornelius, lived, 49 b.c. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 157 

I^Tero, Claudius, defeats and kills Asdrubal, B.C. 207. 

!Nfero, Emperor, succeeds Claudius, a.d. 54. 

Nerva born, about a.d. 32 ; died, a.d. 98. 

l^estorius, the heretic bishop of Constantinople, 431. 

Netherlands, revolt under William of Orange, 1572 ; invaded by 
the French, 1793. 

Nevada admitted to the Union, 1864. 

Newburn captured, March 14, 1862. 

Newbury, first battle of, 1643. 

New London burned, Sept. 6, 1781. 

New Orleans, battle of, Jan. 8, 1815; captured, April 25, 1862. 

Newspaper, first daily, published. May 23, 1622 ; first in America, 
"The Virginia Gazette," 1736. 

Newton, Sir Isaac, died, March 20, 1727. 

Newtonian philosophy published, 1686. 

Ney, Marshal, executed, Dec. 7, 1815. 

Nez Perces war in the United States, 1877. 

Niagara, Fort, reduced by Sir William Johnson, 1759 ; bridge com- 
pleted, 1855. 

Nice, first general council of, 326 ; second council of, and seventh 
general, begins, 787. 

Nicholsburg, peace of, Aug. 30, 1866. 

Nicias, peace of, 420 B.C. 

Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, dies, and bequeathes his kingdom to 
the Romans, B.C. 75. 

Nicopolis destroyed by an earthquake, 128. 

Nile, battle of, Aug. 1, 1798. 

Nineveh taken by Arbaces and Belesis, 820 B.C. 

Noah, born, 2948 B.C. ; died, set. 950. 

Nobility, hereditary, abolished in France, 1790. 

Nonsuch, treaty of, 1585. 

Norbury, Lord, murdered in Ireland, 1839. 

Normandy conquered and reunited to France, 1204. 

Normans invade France, 808 ; penetrate into Germany, 845 ; gain 
some cities in France, 853 ; plunder the coasts of Holland, 856 ; 
invade Germany, 879 ; ravage France, 880 ; defeated by Louis, 
881; besiege Paris, 885; ravage the low countries, 890; de- 
feated by Arnolph of Germany, 891 ; again ravage France, 



158 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

893 ; establish themselves in France under Rollo, 912 ; invade 
England, 990 ; first enter Italy in a body, 1018 ; conquer 
Apulia, 1031 ; take Leo IX. prisoner in Naples, eI053. 

North German Confederation formed, with Prussia at the head, 
1866. 

Northumberland, fifth Saxon kingdom, founded by Ida, 547. 

Northwestern boundary fixed at 49°, 1846. 

Norway, kingdom of, begins, 1036. 

Nouradin takes Damascus, 1154 ; defeats Raymond II., 1163. 

Novatian heresy propagated, 251. 

Nova Scotia peopled, 1749. 

Novo Porto, battle of, July 1, 1781. 

Noyon, treaty of, 1516. 

Numantian war begins, and lasts eight years, B.C. 141. 

Numa Pompilius, the second Roman king, 679 b.c. 

Nuncio instituted, about 735. 

O. 

Observatory at Greenwich built, 1676. 

Ochus conquers Egypt, b.c. 350. 

O'Connell, Daniel, trial of, for sedition, convicted, fined, and im- 
prisoned, 1844. 

Octavius, title of Augustus, conferred on him by a decree of the 
senate, imperator for 10 years. Next the censorship, then 
tribuneship, and last absolute exemption from law, 27 B.C.; 
goes to Greece and Asia, recalls Agrippa, gives him Julia in 
marriage, and the government in his absence. He reduces the 
senate to 300, b.c. 18 ; and afterwards limits them to 600, B.C. 
13; assumes the office of Pontifex Maximus, B.C. 8; corrects 
the calendar, banishes Julia, b.c. 2 ; dies at Nola, a.d. 14. 

Odoacer defeated by Theodoric, 490. 

Ogyges begins to reign, 1796 b.c. 

Ohio, State of, settled in 1788 ; admitted to the Union in 1803. 

Oldenburgh, house of, begins to reign in Denmark in 1448. 

Old Testament finished about 430 b.c. ; translated into Greek by 
Aquila, 128. 

Oliva, peace of, 1660. 

Olympic, the first, games celebrated at Elis, 1453 b.c. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 159 

Olynthian war ends, 379 b.c. 

Olynthus taken by Philip, b.c. 347 or 348. 

Omar, caliph of the Saracens, killed, 644. 

Ommiades, dynasty of, ends in Spain, 1038. 

Opium trade prohibited by China in 1834. 

Oppian lived, 213. 

Orange, William of, assassinated in 1584. 

Orange, Prince of, made Stadtholder, and J. de Wit put to death, 

1672. 
Orange, Prince of, made Stadtholder of the united provinces, 1747. 
Oregon settled in 1811 ; admitted to the Union in 1859. 
Organs first used in churches, 660 . First one sent to France, 757. 
Oriflamme first used as a national banner, 1124. 
Origen lived, 231. 
Orleans, siege of, begun, 1428. 
Orleans, 'New, settled in 1718. 
Ostrogoth monarchy ended in Italy, 554. 
Oswego forts, loss of, 1756. City of, seized by the English, May 

6, 1814. 
Otho kills himself, a.d. 69, 
Otho, makes an expedition against the Yandals, 960 ; and Otho, 

Jun., defeats I^icej)horus, and drives the Saracens out of Italy, 

969 ; subdues the Bohemians, 977 ; fights Lothaire, 979. 
Otho I., accession of, 1833. 
Ottoman empire founded, 1298. 
Oudh becomes independent in 1819. 
Oxford bounded by Alfred about 886. 

P. 

Pacific, foundering of steamship, 1875. 

Padua, university of, founded, 1179. 

Pagans, the word first applied to the heathen, 351. 

Pagham, New, battle of, which ends the Burmese war, 1826. 

Painting, Royal Academy of, founded by Louis XIY. in 1643. 

Paleologus takes Constantinople ; soon retaken by John and 

Manuel, 1386. 
Palestro, battle of. May 30-31, 1859. 
Pahnyra taken by Aurelian, 273. 



IQQ HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Palo Alto, battle of, May 8, 1846. 

Panama railroad completed in 1855. 

Pandects published, 504. 

Panodorus of Alexandria, the monk and chronologer, lived, 404. 

Pannonia recovered by the Romans, 427. 

Pantheon at Rome, built, B.C. 27 ; destroyed by fire, a.d. 80 ; con- 
verted into a church, 607 a.d. 

Paoli fled from Corsica in 1769. 

Paper invented in China, 170 B.C. ; made of cotton, became common 
for writing on, 1110. 

Papineaus' rebellion in Canada, 1837. 

Paris, becomes the capital of the French dominions, 510; con- 
sumed by fire, 588 ; treaty of, between England, France, and 
Spain, acceded to by Portugal in 1763; surrendered to the 
Allies, March 30, 1814 ; riots in 1831, Feb. 14-15 ; insurrection 
at, on June 23, 1848; in a state of siege, June 25, 1848; revo- 
lution in, and fall of the French Empire, 1870; siege of, began 
in 1870 ; city of, bombarded by the Germans in 1871 ; second 
siege and capture of, in 1871. 

Paris, treaty of, which declares the United States free, signed Sept. 
3, 1783; ratified by Congress, Jan. 4, 1784. 

Paris, Matthew, died in 1259. 

Parliament, summoned by Simon de Montfort, first regular repre- 
sentative parliament in 1265; a regular succession of, in 
England, 1293 ; established in Paris in 1294. 

Parma ceded to the French in 1800. 

Parmenides of Elea, the philosopher, lived, B.C. 505. 

Parrhasius, rival of Zeuxis, lived about 415 B.C. 

Parsons, Dr., murdered in Turkey in 1880. 

Parthenon completed under Pericles about 438 B.C. 

Parthians revolt from the Macedonians, B.C. 250; again in a.d. 
77 ; war, which continues three years, a.d. 162. 

Parthia becomes tributary to Persia, 226. 

Pascal died, Aug. 19, 1662. 

Passau, treaty of, 1552. 

Paul's, St., church in London, founded by Ethelbert, 604. 

Paul I. of Russia assassinated in 1801. 

Paul, St., converted, a.d. 36; put to death, a.d. 67. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 161 

Pavia, battle of, 1525. 

Paulding, James K., born, 1779 ; died, 1860. 
Pausanias lived, 153. 
Pea Ridge, battle of, March 7-8, 1862. 
Peace, x^rofound and universal, B.C. 442 ; again in 235 B.C. 
Pelagian heresy published, 405. 

Pelasgians acquire control of the Mediterranean, 1058 B.C. 
Pelniz, conference of, 1791. 

Peloponnesian war begins, 431 B.C. ; ends, 404 B.C. 
Peloponnesus, cities of, recover their liberty, 314 B.C. 
Peninsular war begins, 1808. 

Penn, William, died, 1718. ^ 

Pentateuch, found by Hilkiah, B.C. 625. 
Pepin engrosses the x^ower of the French monarchy, 690. 
Perganms annexed to the Roman empire, 133 b.c. 
Periander usurped the government of Corinth, 629 b.c 
Pericles, reduces Euboea and Megara, B.C. 446 ; sends a colony to 
found Thurii, b.c. 443; he was born, 494 b.c, and died, 429 

B.C. 

Perry\dlle, battle of, Oct. 8, 1862. 

Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, succeeds Philip, B.C. 179. 

Persian fleet and army defeated by Cimon, b.c 470; defeated by 
the Athenians in a naval battle, b.c 462. Persians regain 
possession of a greater part of Egypt, 455 b.c ; defeated by 
Alexander, 334 B.C. ; war ends, 505; declare war against Jus- 
tin, 572 ; invade and plunder Syria, 574 ; war with the Greeks, 
603 ; overrun Africa and take Alexandria, 615 ; take and plun- 
der Carthage, 616 ; take Jerusalem and carry off the cross, 614. 

Persia becomes a x^art of the empire of the caliphs, 652 ; a great 
revolution in, 1722 ; another in 1747. 

Persius lived, a.d. 57. 

Pertinax killed, 193. 

Pestilence in Rome, b.c 463; again, 181 B.C.; again, 175 B.C.; 
one over the East, 312; in Sjrm, 333; at ConstantinoxDle, 446. 

Peter the Hermit died, 1115. 

Peter's x^ence ; this tax begun by Ina, king of Wessex, 727. 

Peter's, St., building of, commenced by Pope Nicholas V. in 1450. 

Peter, St., imprisoned, 44 a.d. ; put to death, a.d. 67. 



162 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Petersburg founded, 1703. 

Peter the Great died, Feb. 8, 1725. 

Petroleum discovered in Pennsylvania in 1860. 

Petronius made governor of Syria, a.d. 40. 

Phsedrus lived, a.d. 4. 

Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, lived, B.C. 568. 

Pharaoh publishes an edict for the drowning of the children of the 

Israelites, 1571 B.C. 
Pharos of Alexandria built, B.C. 284. 
Pharsalia, battle of, 48 B.C. 
Phidias the sculptor flourished, B.C. 440; dies, 432 b.c. ; born, 

490 B.C. 
Phidon, king of Argos, invented scales and measures, 869 B.C. 
Philadelphia founded, 1683. 
Phili]3picus defeats the Persians, 589. 
Philippi, battle of, 42 b.c. ; Brutus and Cassius defeated. 
Philip of Germany assassinated, and Otho succeeds him in 1208. 
Philip IV. excommunicated in 1301. 
Philip ascends the throne of Macedon, 359 B.C., set. 23, and died 

336 B.C. ; is defeated and killed by Dinocrates, B.C. 183. 
Philix^ killed one at Verona and the other at Rome, 249. 
Philip V. resigns his crown to his son, 1724. 
Philo the philosopher lived, B.C. 100. 
Philopoemen obliges the Lacedaemonians to renounce the laws of 

Lycurgus, B.C. 188. 
Philostratus lived, 210. 
Phocion, the ]3hiloso]pher and cynic, flourished about 347 B.C.; died 

aet. 85, 317 b.c. 
Photoglyphic engraving invented in 1859. 

Phul invades the kingdom of Israel ; bribed to depart, 770 B.C. 
Pictor, Fabius, the first Poman historian, b.c. 225. 
Picts, Scots, and Saxons, harass Britain, 364. 
Picts in Briton enforce the Christian religion, 698 ; extirpated by 

Kenneth, king of Scotland, 838. 
Piedmont, battle of, June 5, 1864. 
Pierpont, John, born, 1785 ; died, 1866. 
Pindar, the poet, born, B.C. 522 ; died, 445 B.C. 
Pins first used in England about 1543. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 163 

Pirates put down by Pompey, 67 B.C. 
Pisa, academy of, founded in 1339 ; council of, 1409. 
Pisistratus usurped the tyranny of Athens, B.C. 560. 
Pisistratidae burned the temple of Apollo at Delphos, B.C. 549. 
Pittsburg Landing, battle of, April 6-7, 1862. 
Pitt, William, born, 1759; died, 1806. 
Pius yi., deposed by Napoleon in 1798. 
Pizarro, assassinated by Juan de Herrada, 1541. 
Placentia, battle of, Rodolph defeats Berenger, 922. 
Plagues, one in Rome, 463 B.C. ; at Athens, 430 B.C. ; again 426 
B.C. ; at Rome, 343 B.C.; at Rome, 181 b.c; in Italy, 22 b.c. ; 
a great one at Rome, 77 a.d. ; one over the Roman world, 168 
A.D. ; at Rome, 189 ; one over the Roman empire, 2o2 ; in 
Roman empire, 261; one in Palestine, 517; one in Ethiopia, 
532 ; one in Italy, 539 ; one which desolates Asia and Europe, 
543 ; one over Europe, Asia, and Africa, which continues 50 
years, in 558 ; one in Europe and Asia for 3 years, 746 ; a 
great one in England in 1500 ; the great plague, 1664. 
Plaissy, battle of, in the East Indies, in 1757. 
Plat?ea, where the Prussians are defeated, b.c. 479; surrender of, 

427 B.C. 
Plato, born at Athens, 429 b.c. ; and died, 347 b.c. 
Plays, first acted at Rome, 240 B.C. 
Pleading in the English courts changed from French to English 

in 1362. 
Plebeian, admitted to the prsetorship at Rome, b.c. 336. 
Pliny, the historian, born, a.d. 23; died, about 110 a.d. ; proconsul 
in Bithynia, a.d. 102; sends Trajan his famous letter about 
the Christians, 102 a.d. 
Plotinus lived, 254. 

Plutarch born about 50 a.d. ; historian. 
Plymouth colonists land at Plymouth, Mass., Dec. 21, 1621. 
Poictiers, battle of, Alaric defeated and killed by Clovis in 507. 
Poictiers, battle of, French defeated, and King John taken prisoner 

in 1356. 
Poland, State of, formed by Leek, 550 ; first prince of, elected in 
698 ; first partition of, in 1772 ; second partition of, in 1793 ; 
final partition of, in 1795; insurrections in, suppressed, 1830; 



164 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

insurrection in, begins, 1861 ; disappears from the map of the 
Russian Empn-e in 1868. 

Polemoscope invented by Hevelius in 1637. 

Polybius, of Megalopolis, historian, B.C. 164. 

Polycarp, St., lived, 132. 

Polycletus, sculptor, lived about 232 B.C. 

Polyglot Bible, first one printed in 1515. 

Polyperchon proclaims liberty to all Greek cities, B.C. 320. 

Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, 79 a.d. 

PomxDey puts down the pirates, 67 B.C. ; takes Jerusalem, 63 B.C.; 
gains the empire of the sea, 37 B.C. 

Pondicherry taken in 1761 ; surrenders to the English in 1778. 

Poniatowsky, Count Stanislaus, elected king of Poland in 1764. 

Pope resists the legal magistrates, 503 ; war declared against him 
by the kings of the Lombards, 753 ; temporal power of, begins, 
755 ; seat of, transferred from Avignon to Rome in 1377 ; the 
schism of double popes in 1378. 

Pope Alexander, died, 1744 ; born, 1688. 

Popish plot in 1678. 

Port Gibson, capture of. May 1, 1863. 

Port Hudson, surrender of, July 8, 1863. 

Port Bill, Boston, 1774. 

Port Royal, cax^ture of, Nov. 7, 1861. 

Poyning's act passes in Ireland, 1494. 

Prao'matic sanction settled in France in 1439. 

Prague, university of, founded in 1348, the first in Germany ; city 
of, taken by the king of Prussia, 1744 ; battle of, 1757. 

Praxiteles, of Colophon, painter, born, 364 B.C. ; died, 280 B.C. 

Presburg, treaty of, Dec. 26, 1805. 

Preston-pans, battle of, 1715. 

Pretender lands near Aberdeen in 1715. 

Princeton College founded, 1757. 

Princeton, battle of, Jan. 3, 1777. 

Printing, art of, invented at Mentz in 1440. 

Probus' expedition into Ganl, 277 ; he is put to death, 282. 

Proclus burned the fleet of Vitalianus with a brass mirror at Con- 
stantinople in 514. 

Prodigies, many at Rome, 398 B.C. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 165 

Prome, battle of, 1825. 

Protestant, the name originated at the second diet of Spires, in 

1529. 
Prudentius lived, 392. 
Prussia, first king of, crowned, 1701 ; king of, elected emperor of 

Germany in 1870. 
Pruth, near which place the Turks are defeated by the Russians in 

1770. 
Prytanes, annual magistrates who succeeded the kmgs at Corinth, 

779 B.C. 
Ptolemy carries 100,000 Jews captive into Egypt, b.c. 320; made a 

canal from the Xile to the Red Sea, b.c. 267. 
Ptolemy, Appion, dies and bequeathes his kingdom to the Romans, 

B.C. 97. 
Punic war, the first began, B.C. 264, ended, b.c. 242; the second 

began with Hannibal's passing the Alps, b.c. 218 ; ends, 201 

B.C. ; the third begins, 149 B.C. 
Pulaski, Fort, surrendered, April 11, 1862. 
Pultowa, battle of, Russians defeat the Swedes, 1709. 
Pump, air, invented by Otto Guericke in 1654. 
Puritans, the name first used in England in 1564. 
Pydna, battle of, Perseus defeated, b.c. 168. 
Pyramids, battle of, July 13-21, 1798. 
Pyrrho, the first sceptic philosopher, lived, B.C. 304. 
Pyrrhus, defeated by the Romans, retires to Epirus, B.C. 275. 
Pythagoras, founder of a philosophy, floui'ished, b.c. 539. 
Pythian games first celebrated by Adrastus about 1263 b.c. ; at 

Delphi, B.C. 591. 

Q. 

Quakers first appear in England in 1651. 

Qufiestors first created at Rome, b.c. 483. 

Quebec, capture of, and death of Wolfe and Montcalm, Sept. 13, 
1759; assault on, by Gen. Montgomery, Dec. 31, and Ameri- 
cans defeated, 1775. 

Quebec, bill passed which divides Canada into Upper and Lower 
Provinces, 1791. 

Queenstown, battle of, Oct. 13, 1812. 



166 • HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Quesnoy, battle of, 1793. 

Quinquennales celebrated by Arcadius, 387. 

Quintilian lived, 89 a.d. 

Quito, in Peru, destroyed by an earthquake in 1755. 

R. 

Radstadt, battle of, July 5, 1796, 

Railroads, opening of the Atlantic and Great Western, Nov. 18, 1863. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, beheaded, 1618. 

Rangoon taken, May 11, 1824. 

Raphael died, 1520. 

Ratisbon diet of Frederic receives the title of King of Bohemia, 
1158. 

Ravenna, battle of, 1512. 

Reformation begun in Germany by Luther in 1517. 

Reign of Terror in France began, May 31, 1793 ; ended, July 28, 
1794. 

Relief Bill passed in England in 1778; proclaimed, Feb. 26, 1848. 

Republic, French, declared, Sept. 21, 1792. 

Resaca, battle of. May 15, 1864. 

Retford, battle of, Edwm kills Ethelfrid, 671. 

Retreat of The Ten Thousand Greeks ; origin of the Anabasis, 
401 B.C. 

Revolution, French, begins 1789 ; second begins in 1830, July 27. 

Rhenish provinces revolt, 1793. 

Rhine, confederation of, ratified at Paris, July 12, 1806. 

Rhodes taken by the Knights of St. John, who settled there in 1310. 

Rhode Island evacuated by the British in Oct., 1779. 

Richard I. (Coeur de Lion) made prisoner by the Duke of Austria 
in 1192 ; is ransomed, 1194 ; and mortally wounded at the siege 
of Chaluz in 1199. 

Richard III. killed at the battle of Bosw^orth Field in 1485. 

Richmond taken by the Union forces, April 3, 1865. 

Rich Mountain, battle of, July 4, 1861. 

Ridley put to death with Latimer, Oct. 16, 1555. 

Riego executed, 1823. 

Rights, Bill of, passed in 1689. 

River and Harbor Bill passed by U. S. Congress over the Presi- 
dent's veto in 1882. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 167 

Roanoke Island, capture of, Feb. 8, 1862. 

Robespierre becomes dictator of France, March 25, 1793 ; becomes 
president of the French republic, 1794; deposed, June 7, 
1794, and executed with 70 others, which ends the reign of 
terror. 

Rochelle, battle of, French defeat the English fleet, 1371. 

Roger, Duke of Sicily, made king, and wars with the Pope, 1127. 

Roland, Madame, execution of, Nov. 8, 1793. 

Rome, city of, built by Romulus and Remus, 752 or 753 b.c. ; taken 
by the Gauls and burned, b.c. 389 to 390; first plebeian among 
the consuls, b.c. 367 ; the city at the height of its glory about 
19 B.C. ; taken and plundered by Alaric in 410 ; taken by 
Genseric, 455 ; taken and pillaged by Totila, 546 ; evacuated 
by the French, Dec. 11, 1866 ; captured by the Italian army, 
Sept. 20, 1870 ; annexed to Italy and made the capital, 1870. 

Roman people obtain the power of electing praetors, b.c. 103 ; re- 
build the capitol, b.c. 69. 

Romans subdue Sparta and Hither Spain, b.c. 194 ; agree to pay 
annual tribute to the Goths, 222 ; make peace with the Per- 
sians, 245 ; leave Britain, 426. 

Roman Empire divided into the Eastern and Western Empire in 
364. 

Romanus succeeds Constantine as emperor of the East in 1028. 

Roses, war of, between the houses of York and Lancaster, begins 
in 1448. 

Roslin, battle of, 1303. 

Rotterdam built about 56 a.d. 

Rouen and Falaise were the first towns erected into corporations 
in jSTormandy, 1207. 

Roveredo, battle of, Sept. 4, 1796. 

Rubidium, discovery of, occurred in 1861. 

Russel, Lord, beheaded, 1683. 

Russia, a revolution in, 1741 ; another in 1762 ; trial by jury 
granted in 1862 ; freedom of the serfs in 1863. 

Russians from Scythia land in Thrace, 1043. 

Rye House plot, 1683. 

Ryswick, treaty of, Sept. 20, 1697. 



168 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 



S. 



Sabine women dishonored by the Romans, 750 b.c. 

Sabines and Romans war, B.C. 506. 

Sadowa, battle of, Jnly 2, 1866. 

Sagmitmn destroyed by Hannibal, B.C. 219. 

Saladin defeated by Baldwin, 1177; defeats the Crusaders, 1179; 
takes Damascus, 1182 ; takes Jerusalem, 1187 ; imposes a tax, 
1188. 

Salamanca, university of, founded, 1200 ; battle of, July 22, 1812. 

Salamis, in Cyprus, bu.ilt by Teucer, 1176 b.c. 

Salamis, battle of, Persians defeated by the Greeks, b.c. 480. 

Salic law promulgated, 421. 

Salique law in Spain abolished in 1829. 

Salii, an order of priests instituted by ^N'uma, 709 b.c. 

Sallustius, C. Crispus, the historian, B.C. 57. 

Salmanaser, king of Assyria, carries the children of Israel into 
captivity, 721 B.C. ; he besieges Tyre for about five years, but 
is unsuccessful, 17 B.C. 

Samaria, after three years' siege, reduced, 721 B.C. 

Samnites war with the Romans, B.C. 343. 

Samos, on the island of the same name, built about 986 B.C. ; after 
a month's siege surrenders to Pericles, B.C. 440. 

Samuel, the twelfth and last judge of Israel, 1116 B.C. 

Sappho the lyric poetess born at Mytilene about 600 B.C. 

Saracens defeat the Romans, 189 a.d, ; ravage Syria and Phoenicia 
in 500; invade Arabia and Palestine, 509; ravage Syria, 612; 
invade Egypt and Palestine, 635 ; take Jerusalem, 637 ; take 
Alexandria and burn the library, 640 ; become masters of 
Africa, 647 ; take Cyprus, 648 ; take Rhodes, 653 ; ravage 
Sicily, 669 ; invade Syria and besiege Constantinople, 671 ; 
are defeated by the Greeks, 673 ; try to land in Spain but are 
defeated by Wamba, 675 ; make peace with Constantinople, 
678 ; take Carthage, and expel the Romans from Africa, 698 ; 
fight 81 battles in 701 ; they invade the Roman territories, 707 ; 
conquer Spain, 713 ; imsuccessfully besiege Constantinople, 
717 ; defeated by Charles Martel, 732 ; empire of, divided 
into three parts ; the race of Abbas becomes their caliphs. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 1(59 

749 ; they take Sicily, 827 ; destroy the Venetian fleet in the 
Bay of Crotonax, 848 ; ravage Sardinia and Corsica, 851 ; 
have a civil war in the East, and ravage Italy, 865 ; defeated 
by Himerius at sea, 902 ; they are defeated by Ordonno II. in 
Spain, 916 ; its empire is divided into seven kingdoms, 936 ; 
fight the l^ormans in Italy, 958 ; lose Candia to Phocas, 961 ; 
besiege Jerusalem, and have a civil war in Spain, 1009 ; de- 
feat the Romans in Syria, 1030 ; are driven out by Romamis, 
1031 ; call in Joseph, king of Morocco, to Spain, who gains 
possession of all their dominions there, 1091 ; they invade 
Spain from Africa, and defeat Alphonso, king of Castile, 
1195; empire of, finished by the Tartars taking Bagdad in 
1258. 

Sardinia subdued by the Romans, B.C. 231 ; first king of, created 
by Frederic in 1164. 

Sardinian war begins, B.C. 234. 

Sardis taken and burned by the Athenians, B.C. 504 ; battle of, 
B.C. 262. 

Sarmatians, 300,000 revolt and are dispersed through the empire, 
334. 

Saturnalia instituted at Rome, b.c. 497. 

Savannah captured by the British, Dec. 29, 1778. 

Savonarola burned at Florence in 1498. 

Savoy and Nice annexed to France in 1860. 

Saxony, king of, abdicates in 1830. 

Saxons first came into Britain in 449 ; defeated by the Romans, 
475 ; defeated by Prince Arthur in 511 ; totally subdue the 
Britons, 685 ; laws of, published by Ina about 709 ; begin to 
war against Henry about 1075. 

Schiller, J. C. F. von, born, 1759 ; died, 1805. 

Scio, naval battle of, 1651 ; massacre of, 1822. 

Scipio besieges Utica, B.C. 204; defeats Hannibal and Zama, B.C. 
202; banished from Rome, 187 B.C. 

Sclavonians penetrate into Istria, Bohemia, and Poland in 595 ; 
ravage Italy with the Avari in 600. 

Scopas, celebrated sculptor, flourished between 392 b.c. and 352 b.c. 

Scotland acknowledged a fief of the crown of England by William 
in 1174; invaded by Edward I. in 1300; again in 1306; 
union of, with England, 1707. 



170 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Scott, Sir Walter, born, 1771 ; died, 1832, 

Scott, Gen., enters the city of Mexico, Sept. 15, 1847 ; died. May 29, 

1866. 
Scribes and Pharisees appear about 31 B.C. 
Scrope, execution of, in England, June 8, 1405. 
Scythians invade Media, Lydia, etc., 624 B.C. ; are expelled, 596 

B.C. ; they with Persians invade Asia, 252 ; ravage the Eoman 

empire, 260 ; defeated by the Romans, 267. 
Seat of the empire transferred from Rome to Constantinople, 328. 
Sebastapol, siege of, began in Oct., 18.54 ; evacuated in Sept., 1855. 
Secession, or retirement of the Roman populace to Mons Sacer. 
Sedan, battle of, Sept. 1, 1870. 
Sedgemoor, battle of, 1685. 
Seleucus takes Babylon, 312 B.C.; founds Antioch, Edessa, and 

Laodicea, 304 b.c. ; builds 40 new cities in Asia, 291 b.c. 
Seleucidae, reign of, ends, 65 B.C. 
Seminole war in Florida, 1835. 
Seneca lived about 52 a.d. ; put to death, 65 a.d. 
Senegal taken by the English in 1758. 
Septuagint translation of the Old Testament said to have been 

made about 284 B.C. ; found in a cask, 217 a.d. 
Sepulveda, Jo. Genesius de, restorer of learning in Spain, lived, 

1548. 
Serapis, mysteries and worship of, celebrated at Rome by the 

emperor, 146. 
Serfdom abolished in Prussia, 1808. 
Servetus burned to death at Geneva, Oct. 27, 1553. 
Servile war begins in Sicily, B.C. 135 ; in Rome, 73 B.C. 
Servius TuUius, the sixth Roman king, b.c. 534. 
Servius, the commentator on Virgil, lived, 410. 
Sesack, king of Egypt, takes Jerusalem and plunders the temple 

about 973 b.c. 
Seth born, 3874 b.c. 
Seven Pines, battle of. May 29, 1862. 
Severus besieges Byzantium, 194; defeats and kills Albinus m 

Gaul at Lyons, 195 ; defeats Parthians, 200 ; persecutes Chris- 
tians, 202 ; goes to Britain, where 50,000 of his troops die ; 

builds a wall across Britain from Frith of Forth, 209 ; dies, 209. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 171 

Severus, Sulpicius, the ecclesiastical historian, lived, 401. 

Severus, Julius, governs Britain, a.d. 99. 

Seville, treaty of, 1729; seized by the French, Jan. 31, 1810. 

Shakespeare, William, born, April 23, 1564 ; died, April 23, 1616. 

Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, 1786. 

Shepherd kings, seventeenth dynasty of, begins in Egypt, 1827 B.C. 

Sheridan, E,. B., born, 1751 ; died, 1816. 

Sherman, Gen., commences his "march to the sea," I^ov. 16, 1864; 

ends, Dec. 21, 1864. 
Shillings first coined in England in 1505. 
Shrewsbury, battle of, 1403. 

Sibour, archbishop of Paris, assassinated in 1857. 
Sicilian vespers, 12,000 French massacred, 1282. 
Sicily attacked by Carthagenians, 410 B.C. ; and again in 407 B.C. ; 

seized by Peter, king of Aragon, 1282; revolts from Spain, 

1674 ; annexed to Sardinia in 1860. 
Siculi pass out of Italy into Sicily about 1284 B.C. 
Siculus, Diodorus, historian, b.c. 44. 

Sicyon, kingdom of, established, 2089 b.c. ; ends, 1088 b.c. 
Sidney, Sir Philip, died, Oct. 17, 1586. 
Sidon, city of, taken by Antiochus, b.c. 198. 
Sidonians, besieged by Persians, bm^n their city and put themselves 

to death, b.c. 351. 
Silistria, battle of, 1809. 

Silk, manufacture of, introduced into Europe from India, 551. 
Silver first coined at Rome, B.C. 269. 
Silver Bill passed in the United States in 1878. 
Simonides of Cea flourished, B.C. 537. 
Sioux war in the United States, 1876. 
Slave trade abolished in England, March 27, 1807. 
Slavery abolished in the East in 1828 ; in the English colonies in 

1834. 
Smith, Joseph, Mormon prophet, shot, 1844. 
Smolensko, battle of, 1812. 
Smollett, T. G., born, 1721 ; died, 1771. 
Smyrna destroyed by an earthquake, 1040 ; again in 1688. 
Social war in Greece, b.c. 220. 
Socrates, born at Alopece, b.c. 468 ; and died, 399 b.c. 



1'J2 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Sodom, city of, destroyed, 1897 B.C. 

Soissons, where the Romans are defeated by Clovis, 485 ; congress 
of, in 1728. 

Soldiers first paid by the Romans, B.C. 399. 

Solferino, battle of, June 24, 1859. 

Solomon begins to build the temple, 1012 B.C. 

Solon born about 638 B.C. ; and died about 559 B.C. 

Solon's laws, a copy sent for to Athens by the Romans, b.c. 454. 

Sophocles, born, 495 B.C.; died, 406 B.C.; declared victor over 
^schylus, B.C. 469. 

South Mountain, battle of, Sept. 14, 1862. 

South Sea Bubble burst, Sept. 29, 1720. 

Spain invaded by the French, 1794 ; insurrection in 1866 ; revo- 
lution in 1868. 

Spaniards expelled from Mexico, and slavery abolished in 1829. 

Spanish era begun, 38 B.C. ; monarchy transferred to the house of 
Bourbon in 1700. 

Spanish succession, Avar of, begins, 1701, and continues 13 years. 

Sparta, city of, built by Lacedsemon, 1490 B.C. 

Spectacles invented by a monk of Pisa in 1299. 

Spenser died, 1599. 

Spires, first diet of, 1526 ; second diet of, 1529. 

Springfield, battle of, June 23, 1780. 

Spurs, battle of, 1513. 

" Stamp Act " passed, 1765 ; repealed in 1766. 

Star-chamber, court of, instituted in England in 1487. 

Stars said to have appeared in China in the daytime, B.C. 182. 

Steamboat, first, in America, 1807. 

Stesichorus the poet flourished, B.C. 579. 

Stuart family begin to reign in Scotland in 1371. 

Stilicho defeats 200,000 Goths, 405. 

Stillingfleet, Edward, bishop of AVorcester, 1690. 

Stillwater, battle of, Oct. 17, 1777. 

Stockholm, treaty of, 1630. 

Stony Creek, battle of, June 6, 1813. 

Strabo the geographer lived, B.C. 30. 

Strafford, Earl of, beheaded, May 12, 1641. 

Strasburg, insurrection of, Louis Napoleon fails, 1836. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 173 

Strauss, born, 1808; died, 1874. 

Suetonius the historian lived. 111. 

Suevi conquered in Spain by the Visigoths, 583. 

Suez Canal opened to commerce in 18G9. 

Suliot rebellion suppressed in Greece in 788 ; a rebellion of, sup-^ 
pressed by the Turks in 1803. 

Sulphur Springs, battle of, Aug. 24, 1862. 

Sultans, sovereigns of Egypt first called so in 1171. 

Sumner, Charles, born, 1811 ; died, 1874. 

Sumter, Fort, bombarded, April 12, 1861. 

Sunday appointed to be observed, 321. 

Sun-dial, the first erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, B.C. 293. 

Sun, temple of the, built at Rome, 274. 

Surat, surrender of, 1800. 

Surgery introduced at Rome, B.C. 210. 

Surnames used in Scotland in 1061 ; in England about 1072. 

Susses, the second Saxon kingdom, founded by Ella in 491. 

Sutrium, council of, convened by emperor Henry III., who deposes 
three popes, 1046. 

Suwarrow defeats the French in Italy in 1799. 

Sweden annexed to Denmark by Margaret, 1094 ; ancient race of 
kings in, ends in 1385. 

Swift, Dean, died, 1745. 

Swiss cantons established in 1307. 

Switzerland divided into 19 cantons in 1800; independence of, 
procured in 1815. 

Sylla, civil war between him and Marius begins, B.C. 88; he takes 
Athens, 86 B.C. ; defeats Archilaus, 86 B.C. ; concludes peace 
with Mithridates, 84 B.C. ; destroys the capitol, 83 b.c. ; plun- 
ders the temple of Delphos, defeats Marius, and is created 
dictator, 82 B.C. ; resigns the dictatorship, 79 B.C. 

Syracuse, city of, founded by Archias, 734 B.C.; kingdom of, 
usurped by Gelo, 491 B.C. ; city of, taken by Marcellus, 212 
B.C. ; made a colony of Rome, 21 B.C. 

Syracusans recover their liberty and maintain it 61 years, B.C. 466. 
Syria, taken possession of by Demetrius, 162 B.C. ; reduced to a 
Roman province, 65 B.C. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 



T. 



Tacitus, C. C, the historian, born about the sixth year of Nero's 
reign. 

Tadmor, Persians here defeated by the Romans, 233. 

Talevera, battle of, July 28, 1809. 

Talleyrand, born, 1754 ; died, 1838. 

Tamerlane begins to reign in Persia in 1358. 

Tarentum built about 707 B.C. 

Tariff, protective, is adopted by the United States in 1828. 

Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth Roman king, flourished, B.C. 578. 

Tarquinius Superbus (the tyrant), b.c. 509. 

Tartars defeat the Chinese in a great battle, b.c. 636. 

Tartars expelled from China, b.c. 636; they invade China in 170 
B.C.; again in 158 B.C.; overrun the whole of the Saracen 
empire in 1227 ; first irruption into Russia, Poland, etc., in 
1236 ; invade Poland in 1259 ; invade China in 1268 ; ravage 
Hungary in 1285; invade Poland, 1287; again in 1344 and are 
defeated ; invade China, 1643 ; attack the Russians in 1678. 

Tasso, Torqaato, died, April 25, 1595. 

Taylor, Gen., defeats Santa Anna, 1847. 

Tea Party, Boston, Dec. 16, 1773. 

Tearless battle between Lacedaemonians and Arcadians, B.C. 368. 

Teheon, or the third dynasty of China, begins, 1122 b.c. 

Telegraph, first line established in 1844; submarine, laid between 
Port Patrick and Donaghadee in 1853. 

Telephone first brought into iDublic use in the United States by 
Prof. A. G. Bell in 1876. 

Telescopes invented by Jansen in 1590. 

Templars, Knights, instituted by Baldwin TL, king of Jerusalem, 
1119; abolished in 1312; Molay, the grand master, burned 
alive in Paris, 1313. 

Temple of Jerusalem burned, b.c. 586. 

Tennessee admitted to the Union as a State in 1796 ; secedes from 
the Union, June 8, 1861. 

Terence of Carthage, comic poet, 166 B.C. 

Terpander the poet, the first victor, B.C. 676, or the twenty-sixth 
Olympiad. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 175 

Testament, 'New, publication of revised edition in 1881. 

Teutons and Cimbri defeat the Romans, 108 b.c. and 105 B.C.; 
they are defeated by Marius, b.c. 102. 

Teutonic order begins, 1164 ; knights of this order subdue Prussia 
in 1230. 

Tewksbury, battle of, 1471. 

Texas annexed to the United States by act of Congress in 1845 ; 
secedes from the Union, Feb. 4, 1861. 

Thackeray, William M., born, 1811; died, Dec. 24, 1863. 

Thames, battle of, Oct. 5, 1813. 

Thales born at Miletus about 640 B.C. 

Theatre, Brooklyn, burned, 1876. 

Theatre of Pompey burned, a.d. 21. 

Theban war of the " Seven Heroes," 1225 b.c. 

Thebes, citadal of, built, 1493 b.c. ; city of, built by the Boeotians, 
1124 B.C. ; liberated, 379 b.c. ; an alliance with Athens ; de- 
clares war against Sparta, 378 b.c. ; destroyed by Alexander, 
B.C. 335; restored by Cassander, b.c. 315. 

Themistocles died about 449 b.c, tet. 65. 

Theodosius 11. died, 450. 

Theodosius the Great defeated and killed Maximus, 388 ; defeats 
Eugenius and Arbogastes, 394 ; he dies, 395. 

Theognis the poet flourished, b.c. 549. 

Theon, jr., of Alexandria, the mathematician, lived, 385. 

Thermometers invented by Drebbel in 1610. 

Thespis, the inventor of tragedy, lived, B.C. 535. 

Thiers, president of the French republic, resigns, 1873. 

Thomas (the slave) besieges Constantinople, 822. 

Thomson, James, born, 1700; died, 1748. 

Thrace made tributary by Philip, b.c. 343. 

Thracians control the Mediterranean for 19 years, beginning, 1000 

B.C. 

Thrasymene, the Romans defeated there, 217 b.c. 

Thucydides banished by ostracism, 446 b.c. ; he was born, 471 B.C. 

died, 391. 
Tiberias, city of, built by Herod, a.d. 18. 
Tiberius recovers the Roman ensigns from the Parthians, b.c. 20; 

conquers the Pannonians, b.c. 12 ; he retires to Rhodes, B.C. 

6 ; dies, a.d. 37. 



176 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Tichborne trial occurred in 1874. 

Ticonderoga, Fort, the English repulsed in 1758 ; surprised and 

captured by Ethan Allen, May 10, 1775; captured by the 

English, July 5, 1777. 
Tilsit, treaty of, 1807. 

Tiinjeus of Sicily, the historian, B.C. 262. _ 

Tippecanoe, battle of, Xov. 17, 1011. 
Tirius, Maximus, lived, 151. 
Tin mines discovered in Germany in 1241. 
Titianus Attilius put to death for usurping the empire, 156. 
Titus takes and destroys Jerusalem, a.d. 70; he dies, a.d. 81. 
Torquemada, grand inquisitor of Spain, died, 1498, having burnei 

more than 10,000 persons. 
Toulon, sea fight off, in 1744; siege of, first victory of Xapoleon 

Bonaparte, 1793. 
Toulouse, kingdom of, founded by the Visigoths in 414. 
Toulouse, where the Christians defeat the Moors in 1212. 
Toulouse, university of, founded in 1228. 
Towton, battle of, 1401. 
Trafalgar, battle of, Oct. 21, 1805. 

Tragedy first acted at Athens by Thespis about 535 B.C. 
Trajan subdues Assyria, 115; erects his column at Rome, 114; 

dies, 117. 
Transit of the moon over Mars observed by Aristotle, B.C. 357. 
Treaty between the United States and Japan in 1853. 
Trent, council of, begins, 1545, and continues until 1563. 
Trenton, battle of, Dec. 26, 1776. 
Tribunes, military, created at Home, 445 B.C. ; last one murdered 

in 1354. 
Trinity College founded in 1824 under the name of Washington 

College; name changed in 1845. 
Tripoli, library of, 300,000 volumes, burned by the Christians, 11 lO. 
Triparadisus, treaty of, b.c. 321. 
Triple alliance against France, 1668. 
Triumvirate, first, Pompey, Csesar, and Crassus, b.c. 60; second, 

43 B.C. 
Trocadero, battle of, 1823. 
Trojan war began, 1194 b.c, and continues 10 years. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. I77 

Troops sent from England to Boston in 1768. 

Troy, kingdom of, begins, 1546 B.C.; city of, built by Dardanus 

about 1480 b.c. 
Troyes, treaty of, signed in 1420. 

Tryphon murders Jonathan and his brethren, b.c. 144. 
Tuilleries captured b}'^ the mob, and the royal family imprisoned in 

the temple, 1792. 
Turgot dismissed from office, 1776. 
Tullus Hostilius, third Roman king, 640 b.c. 
Turenne defeats the Spaniards and takes Dunkirk in 1658. 
Turkey, Asia Minor first called, 1076. 
Turkestan, province of, in' Central Asia, created in 1865. 
Turks first mentioned in liistory, 569 ; ravage Armenia and Asia, 

766 ; become masters of Persia, 1043 ; take and plunder the 

city of Nice, 1331 ; first enter Europe, 1352 ; invade Hungary 

in 1437 ; invade Poland in 1630. 
Tyler, John, succeeds Harrison as president of the United States, 

April 6, 1841. 
Tyler's, Watt, insurrection in England, 1381. 
Tyrants, thirt}^, govern Athens, 404 b.c; deposed by Thrasybulus, 

B.C. 404. 
Tyrants, thirty, harass Rome, 258. 
Tyi'e, city of, built, 1252 b.c. ; taken by Nebuchadnezzar, b.c. 572 ; 

taken by Alexander, 332 b.c. 
Tyrone's insurrection in Ireland, 1598. 
Tyrtaeus the poet flourished, b.c. 684. 

U. 

Uifa founds the sixth Saxon kingdom of East Anglia, 575. 

Unigenitus, the bull of, received in France in 1714. 

Union of Scotland and England, 1707. 

Union of the American colonies, May 20, 1775. 

Union Pacific railroad completed in 1869. 

Upral, university of, founded in 1479. 

Urbicus builds a wall between Edinborough and Dumbarton 

Frith, 134. 
Utica, city of, built about 986 b.c. 
Utrecht, union of, which begins the republic of Holland, 1579 ; 

peace of, 1713. 



178 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

V. 

Valens marched against the Persians, 370 ; defeated the Goths, 378. 
Valerian persecutes the Christians, 257; in 260 is captured by 

Sapor, king of Persia, and flayed alive. 
Valerius triumphed over the Veientes and Sabines, 476 b.c. 
Valerius Maximus lived, a.d. 23. 
Van Buren, Martin, inaugurated president of the United States, 

1837. 
Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain, 412; become masters of 

Sicily, 454 ; expelled from Sicily, 464 ; defeated by the Romans, 

467 ; defeated by the king of Germany, 844 ; ravage Saxony, 

1035. 
Van Tromp defeats the English fleet in the Downs in 1652. 
Varro, M. Terentius, called the most learned of th3 Romans, lived, 

70 B.C. 
Vassalage abolished in Hungary in 1785. 
Vatican founded at Rome, 1448. 

Venetia ceded to France by Austria, who transfers it to Italy, 1866. 
Venice, city of, founded about 452 ; violent commotions at, 983. 
Venus, transit of, over the sun in 1760 ; another in 1874. 
Vermont admitted to the Union as a State, 1791. 
Vermont, university of, established in 1791. 
Verne, Jules, born in 1828. 
Versailles, treaty of, 1783. 
Vespasian's successful war in Britain, a.d. 45; defeats the Jews, 

67 A.D. ; died, 79 a.d. 
Vicksburg, surrender of, Jul}^ 4, 1863. 
Victoria born, May 24, 1819 ; ascended the throne of England in 

1837 ; coronation of, June 28, 1838 ; married to Prince Albert 

of Saxe Coburg, Feb. 10, 1840 ; attempts on her life in 1842 ; 

proclaimed empress of India in 1877. 
Vienna, university of, founded in 1238; city of, besieged by the 

Turks in 1683; treaty of, 1725; treaty of, 1805; treaty of, 

1815. 
Vincent, St., battle of, 1797. 
Virgil lived, 36 B.C. 
Virginia divided into two States, June 20, 1861. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 179 

Virginia, West, admitted to the Union, Dec. 31, 1862. 
Virginius, capture of the, by the Cubans in 1873. 
Visigoths drive the Romans out of Spain, 468; kingdom of, 

founded in Spain in 567. 
Volsci and ^qui subdued by the Romans, 48.5 B.C. 
Vortimer defeated by Hen gist in 457. 



W. 

Walachians ravage Poland in 1498. 

Wales subdued by the king of England, 1211; united to England 

in 1283. 
Wales, Prince of, died, March 20, 1751. 
Wallace, Sir William, executed in London in 1305. 
Wallenstein, assassination of, 1634. 
Waller's plot in England detected, 1643. 
Wanborough, battle of, 592. 
Warwick's conspiracy against Edward IV. in 1468 ; killed, April 

14, 1471. 
Washington, treaty of, between the United States and England, 

1870. 

Washington, George, born, Feb. 22, 1732 ; appointed commander- 
in-chief of the American army, June 15, 1775; resigns his 
position as commander-in-chief, Dec. 23, 1783; inaugurated 
first president of the United States, April 30, 1789 ; second 
term as president begins, 1793 ; died, Dec. 14, 1799. 

Washington, Fort, taken by the English, Xov. 16, 1776. 

Wasp, frigate, captures the Frolic, Oct. 18, 1812. 

Waterloo, battle of, final defeat of Napoleon by Wellington and 
Blucher, June 18, 1815. 

Watches brought from Germany to England in 1597. 

Weaving, art of, brought from Flanders to England in 1331. 

Webster, Daniel, born, 1782 ; died, 1852. 

Weitzen, theTurks defeated there by the Duke of Lorraine in 1684. 

Wellington enters France, Oct. 7, 1813 ; he died, Sept. 14, 1852. 

Werelow, treaty of, 1788. 

Wernenus is the first to restore civil law, after Justinian, at Bo- 
logna, 1150, 



180 HANDBOOK OF DATES. 

Wessex, the third Saxon kingdom, began by the defeat of Prince 

Arthur at Charford, by Cerdic in 519. 
Western empire ended in 476. 
Westminster Abbey and church founded by Sibert, 611 ; alliance 

of, in 1716 ; great clock of, set up in 1859. 
Westphalia, treaties of, signed, which ended the Thirty Years' war 

in 1648 ; treaty of, 1728 ; kingdom of, established by Napoleon 

in 1805. 
Whigs and Tories, the two parties established in 1621. 
Whiskey rebellion in Pennsylvania in 1794. 
White Plains, engagement at, Oct. 28, 1776. 
White Oak Swamp, engagement at, June 30, 1862. 
Whiteboy outrages in Ireland in 1822. 
Wickliff begins to teach in England in 1369 ; died in 1384. 
Wilderness, battle of the, May 5-7, 1864. 
Wilmington, capture of, Feb. 19, 1865. 
Williamsburg, battle of, May 5, 1862. 
William and Mary College chartered in 1693. 
Williams College, founded by Ephriam Williams in 1793. 
William. L, the Conqueror, takes England, 1066 ; ravages France, 

1087. 
William II. shot in the New Forest, Aug. 2, 1100. 
William, duke of Aquitain's army, massacred at Constantinople, 

1103. 
William III. and Mary proclaimed, 1689 ; William III. died, 1702. 
William Henry, Fort, captured by the French, 1757. 
William TV. died, 1837 ; accession of Queen Victoria. 
William I. becomes king of Prussia in 1861. 
Wilson's Creek, battle of, Aug. 10, 1861. 

Winchester, battle of, March 13, 1862 ; battle of, Sept. 19, 1864. 
Wines first made in Britain, 276. 

Winchester, treaty of, between Stephen and Henry, 1153. 
Wirt, William, born, 1772 ; died, 1834. 
Wisconsin admitted to the Union in 1848. 
Witchcraft, a trial for it at Rome, b.c. 330. 
Wolfe, Gen., death of, before Quebec on Sept. 13, 1759. 
Wolsey, Cardinal, died, 1530. 

Worcester, battle of, in which Cromwell defeats Charles II. in 1651. 
Wordsworth, William, born, 1770 ; died, 1850. 



HANDBOOK OF DATES. 181 

Worms, diet of, in 1495. 

Wren, Sir Christopher, lived, 1670. 

Wurtemburg, kingdom of, established by Napoleon in 1805. 

Wyoming, massacre of, July 3, 1778. 

X. 

Xenocrates the academic philosopher, B.C. 339. 
Xenophon, born, 447 B.C. ; died, 356 B.C. 

Xerxes recovers Egypt, and gives the power to his brother Archae- 
menes, b.c. 484. 

Y. 

Yale College founded in 1700 at Saybrook, Conn. ; removed to 

New Haven, 1716. 
York, New, city of, great fire at, 1835. 

York (Toronto) captured by the Americans, April 27, 1813. 
Young, Edward, born, 1681 ; died, 1765. 
Young Pretender, died at Rome, March 3, 1788. 

Z. 

Zachariah the prophet lived, 626 b.c. 
Zaleucus, the law-giver of Locri, b.c. 450. 

Zenobia takes possession of Egypt, 269 ; defeated by Aurelian, 273. 
Zeno of Cittium, first stoic philosopher, b.c. 312. 
Zenodotus of Ephesus, the first librarian of Alexandria, b.c. 287. 
Zephaniah the prophet lived, 626 b.c. 
Zeuxis, celebrated painter, flourished, b.c. 400. 
Zoilus the critic, called Homero-Mastix, b.c. 259. 
Zollverein, formation of, 1818, Prussian commercial union; for- 
mation of a new one in Germany in 1867. 
Zoroaster, celebrated philosopher, lived previous to Cyrus. 
Zurich, treaty of, in 1860. 



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